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Articles

Responsibilisation, social work and inclusive social security in Finland

Vastuullistaminen, sosiaalityö ja osallistava sosiaaliturva Suomessa

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ABSTRACT

In this article responsibilisation in social work is studied by analysing two Finnish state-level policy documents (called final report and research report) which concern a current activation initiative called inclusive social security (ISS). It is asked how social workers and clients are constructed as responsible subjects in these documents. Responsibilisation refers to the advanced liberal mode of governmentality, which aims to strengthen citizens’ abilities to self-governance through various techniques that include the intertwined elements of surveillance and empowerment. It is demonstrated that the policy documents construct the social workers’ and the clients’ responsibilities partly in different ways. The final report leads activation to be based on shared responsibility and social work to be more community-based, whereas the research report strengthens more individual-based responsibility of clients and social workers. For the clients, the interpretation of ISS based on shared responsibility would probably be less stigmatising and paternalistic than the one based on individual responsibilities, i.e. approaching long-term unemployed citizens as being personally ‘at risk’ and thus a justified target group of individualised techniques for activation. For social workers and clients, future activation appears to be a wide mix of different techniques, moral expectations and possible ways of being a responsible subject.

TIIVISTELMÄ

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan vastuullistamista suhteessa sosiaalityöhön analysoimalla kahta valtiollisen tason poliittista dokumenttia (tekstissä loppuraportti ja tutkimusraportti). Dokumentit käsittelevät ajankohtaista, kansalaisten aktivointiin pyrkivää poliittista aloitetta eli osallistavaa sosiaaliturvaa. Artikkelissa eritellään sitä, miten sosiaalityöntekijät ja asiakkaat rakennetaan dokumenteissa vastuullisiksi toimijoiksi. Vastuullistamisella viitataan uusliberalistiseen hallinnan tapaan, jonka tavoitteena on vahvistaa kansalaisten kykyä omatoimisuuteen ja ‘itsehallintaan’ käyttämällä erilaisia tekniikoita, joissa yhdistetään kontrollin ja voimaannuttamisen elementtejä. Sosiaalityöntekijöitä ja asiakkaita vastuullistetaan dokumenteissa osin eri tavoin. Loppuraportissa aktivointi määrittyy yhteiskunnalliseen, sosiaaliseen vastuuseen perustuvana toimintana, jolloin myös sosiaalityö näyttäytyy ennen kaikkia yhteisöllisenä työnä. Tutkimusraportissa osallistava sosiaaliturva taas tulkitaan enemmän sekä sosiaalityöntekijän että asiakkaan henkilökohtaisiin vastuisiin perustuvaksi, jolloin korostuu näkemys pitkäaikaistyöttömistä ‘riskissä olevina’ ja siten yksilöön kohdistuvien, sosiaalityöntekijän kanssa neuvoteltavien ja toteutettavien aktivointitoimenpiteiden kohteina. Asiakkaiden näkökulmasta sosiaaliseen vastuuseen perustuva tulkinta osallistavasta sosiaaliturvasta olisi oletettavasti vähemmän stigmatisoiva ja paternalistinen kuin yksilön vastuullisuutta korostava lähestymistapa. Asiakkaalle ja sosiaalityöntekijälle aktivointi näyttäytyy tulevaisuudessa kuitenkin sekoituksena erilaisia tekniikoita, moraalisia odotuksia ja mahdollisuuksia toimia vastuullisena subjektina.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Suvi Raitakari is University Lecturer at the University of Tampere, Faculty of Social Sciences and Docent at University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences. Her research interests include welfare state transformations from the point of view of the margins, homelessness, social worker-client interaction, multi-party co-operation and communication, mental health and recovery. She is the co-editor of the academic book of 'Responsibilisation at the Margins of Welfare Services' (Routledge 2017). She has published, among others in Communication & Medicine, European Journal of Homelessness, Housing, Theory and Society, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and Nordic Social Work Research.

Kirsi Juhila is Professor at the University of Tampere, Faculty of Social Sciences. Her research interests include marginalisation, mental health and recovery, homelessness, social work practices in transforming welfare states, face-to-face interaction in social work, geographies of home-based service interactions and discursive research approaches. She is the co-editor of 'Responsibilisation at the Margins of Welfare Services' (Routledge, 2017) and of 'Analysing Social Work Communication: Discourse in Practice' (Routledge, 2014). She has published in journals such as British Journal of Social Work, Social and Cultural Geography, Social Policy & Administration, Time & Society, Text & Talk and Qualitative Social Work.

Jenni-Mari Räsänen is Postdoctoral researcher at the University of Tampere, Faculty of Social Sciences. Her research interests include marginalisation, welfare state transformations, integration, multi-party co-operation and communication, institutional interaction and technologies in social work and mental health practices. She has participated in few Academy of Finland and Government funded research projects. She has been a leading author in articles published for example in British Journal of Social Work, Journal of Technology in Human Services, Nordic Social Work Research and Qualitative Social Work.

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