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Abstract
Reflecting complex migration dynamics, gender often determines ‘who stays, who moves, where, why, how often’—and what they do once they get there. Comprising 46 per cent of Germany's ‘foreign-born’ residents, women can no longer be discounted as merely family dependents; however, this is only half the battle regarding their struggles for occupational opportunity. This study explores the experiences of five migrant groups, each of which has undergone a different type of gender-role reconfiguration—owing to divergent legal categorisations and employment rights—resulting in varying opportunities for social integration and political enfranchisement.
Notes
1. Non-nationals are subject to FRG abortion constraints but lack equal protection in other areas. The 2004 Immigration Law includes gender-specific grounds for asylum, however
2. Arriving from territories defined as German prior to 1931, ‘co-ethnics’ and their offspring were granted a ‘right of return’ until 1993.
3. [District officials confirmed a three-year bureaucratic backlog in 2003/04 interviews.
4. See ‘Ich wollte nicht so befremdlich auf anderen Menschen wirken mit meinem Kopftuch’, Das Parlament 54(12/13), 15–22 March 2004: 15.
5. The 1997 Amsterdam Treaty obliged the EU to adopt ‘minimum standards’ for temporary asylum protection for displaced persons by 2004, but has yet to address ‘burden-sharing’.
6. Youth of migrant descent are so acculturated that their ethnic organisations now include Gays and Lesbians from Turkey (GLADT) and the Türk-Gay Association (1996).
7. Berlin's Bärenstark test found only 10 per cent of migrant offspring ready for school in 2002 due to language problems, compared to 55 per cent among native speakers!