Migration to and from Turkey, 1783–1960: Types, numbers and ethno‐religious dimensions

Abstract

Migratory movements to and from Turkey during the period between 1783 and 1960 are analysed by grouping them under two headings: non‐economic migrations and economic migrations. The size, ethno‐religious composition and causes of each movement are considered. The article pays special attention to the mass economic migration from Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) to North and South America. Turks were represented in very small numbers in this migration given that they constituted the largest group within the Ottoman population. An examination of particular features of the incorporation of Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) into the Europe‐centred world economy, and ethno‐religious, ideological and cultural aspects of the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the West goes some way towards providing an explanation. The article also considers whether there is any continuity or relationship between the migrations of the pre‐1960 period and the post‐1960 labour migration to Western Europe.