Constructing sexual risk: ‘Chikan’, collapsing male authority and the emergence of women-only train carriages in Japan

Abstract

Women-only train carriages have been introduced in Japan as a response to widespread groping (chikan) by men. In August 2007, 155 young women completed a survey at a variety of locations in central Tokyo, mainly at the popular meeting places, Shinjuku and Shibuya. The survey involved face-to-face interviews conducted mainly by young female interviewers. The numbers involved are insufficient for rigorous statistical analysis and in this pilot study we were principally interested in further refining ideas and hypotheses for further investigation by considering results in the context of significant contemporary social trends. This article starts by considering a particular cultural context in which the issue of groping resulted in the introduction of women-only train carriages and this official antigroping measure which has been widely accepted. The article then examines women's responses to the availability of women-only train carriages, using surveys carried out in Tokyo. It concludes by considering the specific and anomalous targeting of primarily middle aged ‘salarymen’, a focus understood in the context of the collapse of the ideological power of the patriarchal corporate figure associated with the end of the Japanese economic miracle. Women's use and support for women-only train carriages is not solely dominated by anxiety over the risk of chikan. Our survey indicated that it was a symbolic rejection of a particular type of masculinity, rather than the physical separation from a risk of being groped.

Keywords:

• chikan
• groping
• women-only
• Japan
• risk

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support of the Sasakawa Foundation in funding the research and thank our research assistants who carried out the fieldwork: Nanami Fukuda, Chie Ogawa, Eiko Furuichi, Megumi Baba, Mayumi Oshima, Yukiko Shirahama, Chika Kotajima and Yoshimi Osawa.