Perceived colorectal cancer candidacy and the role of candidacy in colorectal cancer screening

Abstract

Screening is a well-established tool to advance earlier cancer diagnosis. We used Davison’s concept of ‘candidacy’ to explore how individuals draw on collectively constructed images of ‘typical’ colorectal cancer (CRC) sufferers, or ‘candidates’, in order to evaluate their own risk and to ascertain the impact of candidacy on screening participation in CRC. We interviewed 61 individuals who were invited to participate in the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme. Of these, 37 were screeners (17 men and 20 women) and 24 non-screeners (13 men and 11 women). To analyse these data we used a coding frame that drew on: symptoms, risk factors, and retrospective and prospective candidacy. Few participants could identify a definite bowel cancer candidate and notions of candidacy were largely predicated on luck in the sense that anyone could be a candidate for CRC and there was little evidence to support a linear relationship between feelings of risk and screening decisions. Often participants described screening as part of a wider portfolio of being healthy and referred to feeling obliged to look after themselves. Our study suggests that rather than candidates for bowel cancer, screeners viewed themselves as candidates for screening by which screening decisions pointed towards the acceptance and normalisation of the rhetoric of personal responsibility for health. These findings have related theoretical and practical implications; the moral structure that underpins the new public health can be witnessed practically in the narratives by which those who see themselves as candidates for screening embrace wider positive health practices.

Keywords:

• Candidacy
• risk
• lay epidemiology
• colorectal cancer
• screening
• qualitative interviews

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. In this paper, we use the term ‘screener’ to refer to a screening participant. This may be different from the medical literature in which the term ‘screener’ is usually used to refer to a service provider, e.g. someone who works in the screening centre or performs colonoscopy or mammography, etc.

Additional information

Funding

The project was funded by the Chief Scientist Office (CSO) Scotland [CZH/4/890].