Suicide and Telehealth Treatments: A PRISMA Scoping Review

Abstract

Background

This PRISMA scoping review explored worldwide research on the delivery of suicide-specific interventions through an exclusive telehealth modality. Research over telehealth modalities with suicidal individuals highlights the importance of facilitating participants' access to treatments despite location and circumstances (e.g., rural, expenses related to appointments, etc.).

Aim

The review sought evidence of outcomes of trials or projects in which both the patient and therapist attended sessions conjointly and openly discussed suicide over a telehealth modality (e.g., phone, zoom).

Method

To explore this topic the authors searched for research trials and quality improvement projects using Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid PsycINFO, EBSCO Social Services Abstracts, and Web of Science on 3/3/2021.

Results

Nine different articles were included that each spanned distinct treatments, with eight being research studies and one being a quality improvement project.

Limitations

Publications featuring ongoing or upcoming research in which complete study results were not available did not meet inclusion criteria for this review.

Conclusion

Several important research gaps were identified. While this approach has been largely understudied, exclusive telehealth delivery of suicide-specific interventions has great potential for the prevention of suicidality, especially in the era of COVID-19 and beyond.

Keywords:

• Suicide intervention
• suicide prevention
• suicide treatment
• telehealth interventions
• telehealth modalities
• telehealth treatment

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by the following grant: Department of Veterans Affairs CSR&D Merit, USA, funding # 1 I01 CX001705-01A1 (PI Dr. Marianne Goodman). Lastly, Dr. Gromatsky was supported by the VISN 2 MIRECC fellowship and Dr. Khazanov was supported by the VISN 4 MIRECC fellowship. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Government, the Department of Defense, or the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Notes on contributors

Sarah R. Sullivan

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Karoline Myhre

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Emily L. Mitchell

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Maureen Monahan

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Gabriela Khazanov

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Angela Page Spears

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Molly Gromatsky

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Samantha Walsh

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Abigail Goodman

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Shari Jager-Hyman

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Kelly L. Green

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Gregory K. Brown

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Barbara Stanley

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

Marianne Goodman

Sarah R. Sullivan, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, and Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Karoline Myhre, Gabriela Khazanov, Shari Jager-Hyman, Kelly L. Green, and Gregory K. Brown, VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Emily L. Mitchell, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. Maureen Monahan, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, United States of America, New York, NY, USA. Angela Page Spears, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Molly Gromatsky and Marianne Goodman, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Samantha Walsh, Icahn School of Medicine Library at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Abigail Goodman, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Barbara Stanley, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.