Abstract
Background
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause of premature mortality. Survival is possible when timely cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are available in the community. GPs are well placed to provide early OHCA care and significantly increased rates of survival are achieved when GPs participate in resuscitation. A novel project alerts volunteer GP first responders to nearby OHCAs in Ireland.
Objectives
To explore the reasons why GPs volunteer to be OHCA first responders and their experience of participation.
Methods
A qualitative study involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews followed by thematic analysis was undertaken in 2017/18. Fourteen GPs from differing geographical areas in Ireland, who volunteered as OHCA first-responders were recruited to participate by purposive methods.
Results
GP participation in OHCA voluntary first response was understood as a function of GPs relationship to the community, their ability to manage competing demands in their personal and professional lives and also specific participatory gains. GPs expressed both altruistic motivations and a sense of obligation. GPs described a complex, multifaceted role in providing OHCA first response; they derived an inherent sense of satisfaction in delivering potentially life-saving interventions but also in the provision of holistic, compassionate end-of-life care for patients and their families. Participation was not without psychosocial risk for GPs.
Conclusion
GPs volunteer to provide early OHCA emergency care because of their relationship to the community. Care provided is complex and includes both resuscitation and end-of-life care.
KEY MESSAGES
-
GPs contribute significantly to survival from cardiac arrest. In Ireland, emergency medical services now alert volunteer GP first responders.
-
GPs volunteer for this role because of their relationship to the community.
-
GP first responders provide holistic cardiac arrest care including basic life support, team working with paramedics, critical decision-making and psychosocial care for bystanders and family members.
Introduction
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a high mortality; approximately 275,000 people have resuscitation attempted annually in Europe, 10% survive [Citation1]. Resuscitation from OHCA is largely determined by the availability of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation in its immediate aftermath. Each minute delay reduces survival by approximately 10% [Citation2]. General practitioners (GPs) are well placed to deliver early community based cardiac arrest care provided they are appropriately trained, equipped, and willing to participate. When GPs participate in OHCA resuscitation, markedly increased patient survival has been reported [Citation3–5].
The Republic of Ireland experiences over 2000 OHCAs per year where resuscitation is attempted and has approximately 3000 GPs [Citation6–8]. The MERIT (medical emergency responders integration and training) project established in 2005 [Citation9] supports the training and equipment of GPs for cardiac arrest management; over 500 defibrillators (AEDs) have been provided to individual practices and 50% of all Irish GPs have attended emergency care training [Citation10]. Over 10 years, half of all participating practices and two thirds of rural practices managed one or more cardiac arrest resuscitation attempt(s) and Irish GPs were likely involved in the resuscitation of 10–15% of all patients who survived OHCA in Ireland [Citation5]. Traditionally GPs have encountered OHCA only during routine activities. Since 2015, a pilot project (‘MERIT 3’) has allowed emergency medical services (EMS) to alert volunteer GPs to nearby cardiac arrest using real-time text message technology. This project is thought to be the first of its kind. To date over 150 GPs have volunteered to participate and in the project’s first year 51 incidents of OHCA were attended [Citation11].
The contribution of GPs dispatched to OHCA by the EMS is potentially significant. Such roles are novel and, if sustainable, must be compatible with services provided by GPs. Given the voluntary nature of participation, issues around recruitment and the factors that motivate participation are important. Furthermore, in order to develop and refine the project, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the realities of the care provided and the potential challenges faced by participants.
The objectives of this study are to explore the reasons why GPs volunteer to be alerted, and respond to OHCA in the community, and to understand GPs’ experiences in providing this care.
Methods
A qualitative study, utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews followed by thematic analysis was undertaken. The methodological approach was informed by the standards for reporting qualitative research outlined by O’Brien et al. [Citation12] and the analytic approach outlined by Braun and Clarke [Citation13]. The type of qualitative approach employed was primarily phenomenological; the research process focussed on understanding the participant’s view of self and their surrounding world in the specific context of OHCA response [Citation14]. Steps to ensure credibility in the analysis process were conducted. Ethical approval was granted by the UCD Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref LS-17-42-Barry).
Participants
Interviews were conducted with 14 GPs (12 male, 2 female) who had experience of responding to cardiac arrest as part of the MERIT 3 project. Participants varied in age and were all actively practising GPs.
Recruitment
A purposive approach to sampling was undertaken; all enrolled MERIT 3 GPs who had experience of responding to cardiac arrest at the time of the study were identified (n = 33) and invited to participate via postal invitation in August 2017. A study information leaflet was included in the initial mailing. Twenty-seven GPs (82%) indicated interest and of this, 14 GPs were selected to participate based on achieving a spread of geographic work contexts. The number of interviews conducted balanced the requirement for rich data acquisition with the pragmatic issues of conducting multiple interviews at different geographical locations.
Data collection
One researcher (TB) conducted all interviews, which were face-to-face and took place between September 2017 and December 2017. (In total, 13 interviews were conducted as two GPs elected to be interviewed together.) Prior to conducting any interviews, authors TB and SG (an experienced qualitative researcher) formally planned the interview process; potential biases were considered via a reflective process and a formal reflexivity statement was composed. The researcher (TB) aimed to identify any personal biases that might affect the research process or results.
The observation that the researcher came from the ‘world view perspective’ of a GP who himself participated in cardiac arrest response was considered in detail at this stage.
A semi-structured interview format was undertaken to allow flexibility of response and follow-up ‘unplanned’ issues to facilitate a participant led exploration of topics [Citation14]. This approach involved a pre-prepared interview guide/schedule to facilitate overall structure but did not mandate rigid adherence to precise wording of questions or the order in which they were asked [Citation15]. The written interview schedule considered two key domains:
-
The participant’s motivation to participate in the scheme
-
The realities and challenges of the process of responding to cardiac arrest in the community.
Each domain involved standard initial open-ended prompt questions and flexible follow-on questions based on the interviewee’s initial responses.
Informed written and verbal consent were obtained before commencing each interview. The initial interview acted as a pilot where the candidate was asked to give feedback and suggestions regarding the interview process. Immediately following each interview reflections concerning the interview process and content were also recorded as field notes in a research diary. All interviews were audio recorded using a Zoom H2n professional grade recorder and later professionally transcribed. The transcripts were then checked against the tapes for accuracy and minor corrections were made as necessary.
Data analysis
Data were analysed using the thematic analysis (TA) framework outlined by Braun and Clarke [Citation13]. TA is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting themes within data. It involves six phases; ‘data familiarization’, ‘generating initial codes’, ‘searching for themes’, ‘reviewing themes’, ‘defining and naming themes’ and ‘producing a report’. TA was selected based on its accessibility as a qualitative research approach and its flexibility in terms of theoretical framework [Citation15]. Such flexibility was considered necessary to facilitate a level of bottom-up inductive analysis of the participant data, in the context of a researcher who possessed an inherent disciplinary standpoint as a GP who responds to OHCA. Initial coding and all further phases of TA were conducted using NVivo 11 for Windows. An experienced qualitative researcher (SG) acted as co-researcher at all stages of the analytic process to ensure credibility. SG coded a sample of the dataset (one interview) independently and reviewed all candidate and final worked out themes with TB thus supporting a reflexive process throughout the data analysis. The analysis produced a structure of themes in relation to key domains that reflect the focus of the study.
Results
Domain 1: Motivation to participate
Key themes and sub-themes considering the domain of ‘motivation to participate’ are reported in and .
Table 1. Motivation to participate; key themes and sub-themes.
Table 2. Motivation to participate; key themes and sub-themes (cont.).
Participation is a function of GPs relationship to community
GP participation in MERIT 3 appeared to be a function of a close, complex and at times symbiotic, relationship to the community. There was an altruistic desire to give back to the community but also a sense of obligation to participate expressed. GPs identified themselves both personally and professionally as a component of the community. Many highlighted the potential for early OHCA care, given their presence, coupled with the fact that they possessed a relevant skill set that could be required on a time critical basis. In addition, many GPs perceived a prolonged ambulance response to their locality. For some GPs, there was also a sense that regardless of the MERIT 3 scheme they would likely be summoned to participate in OHCA care.
Some GPs cautioned of the changing nature of general practice and its relationship to the community. One change highlighted was a current perceived difficulty in attracting GPs to rural areas. General practice was perceived to have become increasingly demanding. Overall morale was considered by some to be low. The feminization of general practice was highlighted as a potential challenge, as was a perceived increased focus on work–life balance and sessional commitment amongst younger GPs. Improvements in the ambulance service had meant that some ‘emergency work’ was no longer considered routine general practice.
Participatory gains
GPs reported deriving specific positive gains from participating in the programme. The programme allowed GPs to maintain a connection with an interesting area of practice. Many of the GP participants had both prior experience of and interest in emergency care. Participation in MERIT 3 was considered a means of keeping important emergency care skills up to date. GPs reported that by responding to OHCA they had the potential to make a difference to their communities. This could be in terms of patient survival but could also involve the provision of compassionate care to families and bystanders. Such care was noted to strengthen ongoing relationships with patients and the community.
The ability to balance competing demands
GPs highlighted many and varied competing demands that must be negotiated to facilitate participation. Specific barriers included time and financial pressures. Some GPs highlighted that not all patients might be sympathetic to the GPs involvement in OHCA response. GPs also detailed various facilitators. The voluntary nature of participation created flexibility. The perception that the alerts were intermittent and thus of a manageable workload was also highlighted. GPs who worked in group practices noted how their colleagues supported their involvement by participating in the response or covering the GP’s workload while they were responding. Participant GPs described support from their families, however, participation was recognized as having the potential to cause family friction.
Domain 2: the realities and challenges of voluntary community cardiac arrest response
Key themes and sub-themes considering the domain of ‘the realities and challenges of voluntary community cardiac arrest response’ are reported in .
Table 3. Realities and challenges of voluntary community cardiac arrest response; key themes and sub-themes.
Table 4. Realities and challenges of voluntary community cardiac arrest response; key themes and sub-themes (cont.).
Table 5. Realities and challenges of voluntary community cardiac arrest response; key themes and sub-themes (cont.).
Key procedural elements of response
GPs discussed the key complexities of the process of an alert and response and highlighted several specific issues. In general, the equipment provided was considered a positive aspect of the scheme; however, replacing consumables was highlighted as a specific issue.
Participants described a multitude of interactions with technology around the process of OHCA response. Some aspects were seen as enhancing OHCA response, however, others were seen as unhelpful. GPs reported that they found the text message system to work well but did report some frustration in the observation that a single incident often involved several text message alerts. One GP highlighted this as a potential safety issue while driving. GPs often described using smartphone technology to locate patients. This was considered an efficient way of navigating to the OHCA location. Some GPs reported that newly assigned post codes (Eircodes) had been of additional assistance. GPs described routinely contacting the ambulance control dedicated phone line and felt this was an important logistic element of the response with regard to locating the patient.
The issue of driving to an emergency was specifically explored. Most GPs highlighted the need for considered safe driving under what could be stressful circumstances. Some GPs did feel that the pressure of the response situation could lead to risky driving behaviours. Others highlighted that responding to emergencies in a car was a routine component of GP care.
The GP role in OHCA response is multifaceted
GPs highlighted a multifaceted role when providing OHCA care ranging from early basic life-support care, assisting paramedics, offering a broader medical perspective that contributed to decision-making and providing information and psychosocial support to families both during and after the resuscitation effort.
Participant GPs highlighted situations where the ambulance response to OHCA would be prolonged and they described a key role in providing early care. GPs perceived paramedics to be highly skilled clinicians in the area of OHCA resuscitation. They recognized that paramedics were exposed to resuscitation more frequently than GPs and in general were happy to defer to paramedics in running the resuscitation algorithm once they arrived on scene. GPs reported their interactions with paramedics to be largely very positive. They noted that paramedics were operating within the framework of a fixed care algorithm, while the GP was operating from a more flexible framework of ‘first principles’. Some GPs did report that occasionally there could be friction between paramedics and GPs; occasionally individual GPs had felt undermined by the actions of paramedics. This could have related to a conflict around overall responsibility for a patient’s care or a clash between a protocol-based approach and one of broader clinical reasoning.
By virtue of their medical training and position in the community, GPs highlighted that they could possess extra knowledge that might inform decision-making in OHCA care. This was perceived to have particular relevance in the decision to continue or cease resuscitation. Although this decision was frequently considered to be a ‘team decision’ GPs perceived significant overall personal responsibility. Participant GPs described a specific and significant aspect of their role in OHCA care as ‘caring for families’. GPs highlighted a sense of continuity about this care that went beyond the actual resuscitation effort through to aftercare for patient and family as relevant. GPs considered the ‘caring for families’ role as an important and integral part of the overall GP OHCA skill set. GPs felt well equipped for this care and for some this was considered a skill set more specific to GPs than paramedics.
Difficult situations with potential for psychosocial impact
GPs highlighted the potential psychosocial burden that could accompany participation in MERIT 3. Specific circumstances were considered to be of greater risk including situations involving children, suicides and situations where the resuscitation team interactions had been difficult. The observation that a GP’s contribution to patient care might not always be perceived positively was highlighted by some. Other GPs highlighted a physiological ‘adrenaline rush’ that accompanies responding to OHCA and the resultant challenge in returning to normal activities in the aftermath. At times some GPs described a sense of trepidation or performance anxiety around providing OHCA care. OHCA care was considered an infrequent but high stakes aspect of general practice. In addition, it was recognized that complex decision-making could, at times, result in internal conflict. GPs reported that they learn to cope with such psychosocial impact via their routine role and experience as GPs. They did, however, appear to be aware of the need for ‘self-care’ around these issues. Some GPs highlighted the lack of any formal MERIT 3 support in terms of psychosocial wellbeing.
Discussion
Main findings
The results of this study suggest that GP participation in voluntary OHCA response can be understood as a function of GPs’ relationship to the community, and the fact that GPs derive participatory gains and the ability of GPs to manage competing demands in their personal and professional lives. In this study, GPs both expressed an altruistic desire to give back to the community and perceived a sense of obligation to participate in OHCA care. This was especially so for those who perceived their community to be remote from ambulance service resources. Some GPs cautioned of ongoing changes in general practice that could threaten participation.
GPs highlighted a complex, multifaceted role in providing OHCA community response. They derived an inherent sense of satisfaction in offering potentially life-saving care but also in the provision of holistic, compassionate end-of-life care for patients and their families. GPs considered paramedics to be expert in OHCA resuscitation, however most also perceived an inherent value in supplementing the paramedic approach with a somewhat broader GP perspective. Participation in OHCA response was not without psychological risk for GPs, however such risks were considered to mirror those of many ‘routine’ day to day GP activities. The voluntary nature of participation, the intermittent and infrequent nature of alerts as well as the support from the GP’s own family and colleagues ultimately allowed participants to integrate OHCA response with the demands of personal and professional life.
Strengths and limitations
Our study has a number of strengths that support its ability to inform understanding, including the use of published guidelines in the development and implementation of the research, the positive role of the researcher’s own experience of the topic and the collaboration with an experienced qualitative researcher. As far as we are aware this is the first study to explore the reasons why GPs volunteer to be cardiac arrest first responders and also explore what such a role involves. The results have the potential to stimulate and inform similar initiatives in other countries.
There are important limitations that should be considered in interpreting the results of this study. Although the qualitative semi-structured interview design was useful in facilitating an in-depth exploration of GP perspectives, the lack of standardization of this approach can raise concerns about reliability and the potential for biases [Citation14]. One researcher (TB) conducted all interviews and led the data analysis. As this researcher possesses an inherent disciplinary standpoint as a GP who responds to OHCA, the possibility that this perspective could have created bias in the dialogue or content analysis must be considered. An active reflective process throughout the study facilitated by the involvement of a second researcher (SG) aimed to limit this potential.
The themes and issues raised offer significant insight into the motivation of and challenges faced by GPs who participate in OHCA voluntary first response. The qualitative design with small absolute numbers of participants cannot however assume generalizability but rather it should be seen as offering hypothesis generating insights into what is a complex phenomenon.
Comparison with existing literature
There are limited existing data available considering this topic area. Previous research from Singapore suggested that over 60% of primary healthcare doctors surveyed were willing to participate in a GP defibrillation project [Citation16]. Other research from the UK found that over half of GPs in one region would be willing to participate in a rapid response cardiac arrest scheme [Citation17]. The findings of our study have similarity with research from Norway that found that though the role of rural GP emergency care had changed over time, rural GPs considered emergency care to remain an important aspect of their practice and to be of value to their patients [Citation18]. Furthermore, as in our study, participation in emergency care was perceived to promote increased GP emergency care skills and competency [Citation18].
Implications
GPs are willing to volunteer for OHCA community emergency first response. Where GPs can reach patients quickly additional lives can be saved. GP first responders also facilitate the provision of compassionate, holistic care to patients and their families during and in the aftermath of OHCA. Such holistic care is likely to have significant overall importance given that the majority of patients for whom an EMS cardiac arrest response is generated ultimately do not survive [Citation19]. Although both GP roles in OHCA resuscitation and in OHCA end-of-life care have previously been highlighted, this research provides the first in-depth exploration of such care [Citation3,Citation4]. The nuanced nature of this care delivered alongside existing general practice roles, places it within the domain of personalized medicine routinely offered in general practice [Citation20].
To some extent, all of the care already considered depends on GPs’ willingness to be present in and available to their communities. There has been significant recent discussion of the pressures faced by general practice [Citation21,Citation22]. Despite such pressures, it is notable that many GPs in Ireland are prepared to volunteer for the role of OHCA first responder. Changing work practices and a move toward sessional work commitments may threaten GP involvement in OHCA emergency care. Alternatively, initiatives that sustain and build capacity in general practice could have positive effects on the early availability of community emergency care.
Finally, the provision of support for GPs who participate in voluntary OHCA response warrants further consideration. Previous research has highlighted the psychological impact of participation in cardiac arrest response among other disciplines and individuals [Citation23–25]. Some studies suggest the incidence of significant prolonged adverse effects are likely to be low [Citation26,Citation27]. Others suggest a risk of long-term emotional and social morbidity [Citation28–30]. GPs may not be immune to these risks.
Conclusion
GP first responders provide holistic cardiac arrest care that includes basic life-support, team working with paramedics, critical decision-making and the provision of psychosocial support for bystanders and family members. GPs volunteer for this role because of their relationship to the community.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval was granted by the UCD Human Research Ethics committee Ref LS-17-42-Barry prior to the commencement of data collection.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the contribution of the GPs who participated in this study.
Disclosure statement
TB and GB are general practitioners who participate voluntarily in OHCA community response. SG is an academic researcher with experience of health services research. MH is a research officer. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
Additional information
Funding
References
- Atwood C , Eisenberg MS , Herlitz J , et al. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation. 2005;67(1):75–80.
- Hasselqvist-Ax I , Riva G , Herlitz J , et al. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(24):2307–2315.
- Colquhoun M. Resuscitation by primary care doctors. Resuscitation. 2006;70(2):229–237.
- Masterson S , Vellinga A , Wright P , et al. General practitioner contribution to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcome: a national registry study. Eur J Gen Pract. 2015;21(2):1–137.
- Barry T , Headon M , Glynn R , et al. Ten years of cardiac arrest resuscitation in Irish general practice. Resuscitation. 2018;126:43–48.
- OHCAR. Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Register Ireland; Annual Report 2016.
- OHCAR . Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Register Ireland; Annual Report 2017.
- Teljeur C , Tyrrell E , Kelly A , et al. Getting a handle on the general practice workforce in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci. 2014;183(2):207–213.
- Bury G , Headon M , Dixon M , et al. Cardiac arrest in Irish general practice: an observational study from 426 general practices. Resuscitation. 2009;80(11):1244–1247.
- Bury G , Egan M , Tobin H , et al. Immediate care training in Ireland, 2002-2013: a potential link between high uptake rates and effect. Ir Med J. 2015;108(5):140.
- Barry T , Conroy N , Headon M , et al. The MERIT 3 project: alerting general practitioners to cardiac arrest in the community. Resuscitation. 2017;121:141–146.
- O’Brien BC , Harris IB , Beckman TJ , et al. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245–1251.
- Braun V , Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
- Robson C. Real world research: a resource for users of social research methods in applied settings. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
- Braun V , Clarke V. Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners. London: Sage; 2013.
- Ong MEH , Chan YH , Ang HY , et al. Resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by Asian primary health-care physicians. Resuscitation. 2005;65(2):191–195.
- Soo L , Smith N , Gray D. The place of general practitioners in the management of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 1999;43(1):57–63.
- Hjortdahl M , Halvorsen P , Risor MB. Rural GPs' attitudes toward participating in emergency medicine: a qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2016;34(4):377–384.
- Dyson K , Brown SP , May S , et al. International variation in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a validation study of the Utstein template. Resuscitation. 2019;138:168–181.
- Maier M. Personalized medicine-a tradition in general practice. Eur J Gen Pract. 2019;25(2):63–64.
- Wilkie V , Ralphs A. The pressures on general practice. BMJ. 2016;353:i2580.
- Thompson M , Walter F. Increases in general practice workload in England. Lancet. 2016;387(10035):2270–2272.
- Phung VH , Trueman I , Togher F , et al. Community first responders and responder schemes in the United Kingdom: systematic scoping review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):58.
- Phung VH , Trueman I , Togher F , et al. Perceptions and experiences of community first responders on their role and relationships: qualitative interview study. Scand J Trauma Resus Emerg Med. 2018; 526(1):13.
- Harrison-Paul R , Timmons S , Schalkwyk W. D V. Training lay-people to use automatic external defibrillators: are all of their needs being met? Resuscitation. 2006;71(1):80–88.
- Zijlstra JA , Beesems SG , De Haan RJ , et al. Psychological impact on dispatched local lay rescuers performing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2015;92:115–121.
- Peberdy MA , Ottingham LV , Groh WJ , et al. Adverse events associated with lay emergency response programs: the public access defibrillation trial experience. Resuscitation. 2006;70(1):59–65.
- Mathiesen WT , Bjørshol CA , Braut GS , et al. Reactions and coping strategies in lay rescuers who have provided CPR to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(5):e010671.
- Genest M , Levine J , Ramsden V , et al. The impact of providing help: emergency workers and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3(2):305–313.
- Axelsson Å , Herlitz J , Karlsson T , et al. Factors surrounding cardiopulmonary resuscitation influencing bystanders' psychological reactions. Resuscitation. 1998;37(1):13–20.