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Notes
1 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 10 November 1948, 62 Stat. 1716, 161 U.N.T.S. 72 [hereinafter ICRW].
2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, July 1, 1975, 27 U.S.T. 1087, T.I.A.S. 8249, 993 U.N.T.S. 243 [hereinafter CITES].
3 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, June 23, 1979, 1651 U.N.T.S. 333, 19 I.L.M. 15 (1980), A.T.S. 1991/32, B.T.S. 87 (1990), Cm. 1332 [hereinafter CMS].
4 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 19 September 1979, 1284 U.N.T.S. 209, Eur. T.S. No. 104 (1982), 1982 Gr. Brit. T.S. No. 56 (Cmd. 8738).
5 Appellate Body Report, European Communities: Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS400/AB/R, WT/DS401/AB/R (November 23, 2013), https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/400_401r_e.pdf.t.
6 Katie Sykes, Sealing Animal Welfare into the GATT Exceptions: The International Dimension of Animal Welfare in WTO Disputes, 13 World Trade Rev. 471 (2014), http://www.sielnet.org/Resources/Documents/SIEL%20CUP%202012%20winner%20%20-%20article%20by%20Sykes.docx;
WTO Appellate Body Deems EU Seal Ban “Justified,” Implementation Flawed, ICTSD Reporting (May 27, 2014), http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/biores/news/wto-appellate-body-deems-eu-seal-ban-%E2%80%9Cjustified%E2%80%9D-implementation-flawed.
7 See David Smith, Africa Is Centre of a “Wildlife War” That the World Is Losing, The Guardian (March 21, 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/21/wildlife-war-lost-in-africa.
8 Agence France-Presse, Zimbabwe Activists Deplore Sale of 24 Elephant Calves to China, The Guardian (July 6, 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/07/zimbabwe-activists-deplore-sale-of-24-elephant-calves-to-china.
9 Jani Actman, Cecil the Lion Died One Year Ago: Here's What's Happened Since, Nat'l Geo. Wildlife Watch (June 30, 2016), http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/cecil-african-lion-anniversary-death-trophy-hunting-zimbabwe/.
10 Id
11 Appellate Body Report, supra note 5.
12 The word animalist is a term of art Professor Favre developed to describe advocates working to protect individual animal interests generally, including those focused on animal welfare and animal rights.
13 See David Favre, An International Treaty for Animal Welfare, 18 Animal L. 237 (2012).
14 Proposal for a Council Decision Concerning the Signing and Conclusion of an International Agreement Between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation on Humane Trapping Standards, art. 2, January 24, 1997, available at http://aei.pitt.edu/10195/1/10195.pdf; see also Amended proposal for a Council Decision concerning the signing and conclusion of an Agreement on international humane trapping standards between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation, art. 2, 29 May 1997, available at http://aei.pitt.edu/48590/1/COM_(97)_251_final.pdf.
15 Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations, 5 June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79; 31 ILM 818.
16 World Heritage Convention, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 23 November 1972, 1037 UNTS 151; 27 UST 37; 11 ILM 1358.
17 Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld (last visited February 15, 2017).
18 See Chris Wold, World Heritage Species: A New Legal Approach to Conservation, 20 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 337 (2008).
19 UNEP's mission is “[t]o provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.” UNEP, Who We Are: Overview, http://web.unep.org/about/who-we-are/overview (last visited February 1, 2017).
20 “UNDP works in nearly 170 countries and territories, helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. We help countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and build resilience in order to sustain development results.” UNDP, About Us, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/about_us.html (last visited February 1, 2017).
21 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 July 2015, G.A. Res. 69/314, Tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife, U.N. Doc. A/RES/69/314 (August 19, 2015), https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/news/pr/2015/UNGA_res_illicit_trade_wildlife.pdf.
22 See UNDP, Tackling Wildlife Crime, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/sustainable-development/natural-capital-and-the-environment/wildlife.html (description of UNDP's integrated approaches for combating the illegal wildlife trade) (last visited February 1, 2017).
23 See Shark Savers, Laws Protecting Sharks, http://www.sharksavers.org/en/our-programs/shark-sanctuaries/learn-more/laws-protecting-sharks (last visited February 1, 2017).
24 Georgia Aquarium Application to Import 18 Beluga Whales (File no. 17324), NOAA Fisheries, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/georgia_aquarium_belugas.htm (last updated September 29, 2015).
25 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1361–1423 (2016).
26 IATA, Live Animals Regulation, http://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/live-animals-regulation.aspx (last visited February 15, 2017).
27 CITES “Non-detriment Findings”: Current Policies on NDFs, CITES, https://cites.org/eng/prog/ndf/current_policies (last visited February 15, 2017).
28 See Elahe Izadi, Why More Than 15,000 Dolphins Have Been Killed in Solomon Islands Drive Hunts, Wash. Post (May 9, 2015), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/05/09/why-more-than-15000-dolphins-have-been-killed-in-solomon-islands-drive-hunts/?utm_term=.a4c1c35d9da0.
29 See, generally, James Green, Detailed Discussion of International Trade in Wild-Caught Reptiles, Animal Legal & Hist. Center (2005), https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-international-trade-wild-caught-reptiles.
30 See, e.g., Jane Palmer, Will Polar Bears Become Extinct?, BBC (November 5, 2014), http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141107-will-polar-bears-become-extinct.
31 CITES Scientific Auth., Non-Detriment Finding for Canada: Polar Bear, http://www.ec.gc.ca/CITES/default.asp?lang=En&n=A3CDEAD8-1 (last updated December 4, 2014).
32 E.g., Conservation of and trade in Great Apes, Res. Conf. 13.4 (Rev. CoP16), https://www.cites.org/eng/res/13/13-04R16.php.
33 Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II (CoP17 Pro. XX), Seventeenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties to CITES, Johannesburg (South Africa) (September 24–October 5, 2016), https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/17/prop/KE_Loxodonta.pdf.
34 France-Presse, supra note 8.
35 Transport of live specimens, Draft Rev. of Res. Conf. 10.21 (Rev. CoP14), https://cites.org/sites/default/files/common/cop/16/com/E-CoP16-Com-II-12.pdf.
36 CITES, definition of the term “appropriate and acceptable destinations” (Res. Conf. 11.20), https://cites.org/eng/res/11/11-20.php.
37 Hague Convention IV 1907, Art. 23(e), cited in 18 U.S.C. § 2441.
38 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.
39 CITES, supra note 2, at art. IV.
40 Bryan Christy, How Killing Elephants Finances Terror in Africa, Nat'l Geographic (August 12, 2015), http://www.nationalgeographic.com/tracking-ivory/article.html.
41 See Appellate Body Report, supra note 5.
42 See, generally, Steve Charnovitz, The Moral Exception in Trade Policy, 38 Va. J. Int'l L. 689 (1997).
43 Appellate Body Report, United States: Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supplies of Gambling and Betting Services, WTO Doc. WT/Ds285/AB/R (adopted April 7, 2005).
44 See Appellate Body Report, supra note 5;
Appellate Body Report, China: Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, P 7, WT/DS363/AB/R (December 21, 2009); Appellate Body Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, P 74, WT/DS285/AB/R (April 7, 2005).
45 Appellate Body Report, supra note 5.
46 Id
47 Pelly Amendment of 1954, 22 U.S.C. § 1978 (1982).
48 See White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Memorandum—Pelly Certification and Icelandic Whaling (April 1, 2014), https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/01/memorandum-pelly-certification-and-icelandic-whaling.
49 Whaling in the Antarctic (Austl. v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening), Judgment, 2014 I.C.J. 148 (March 31).
50 Mathew Carney, Japan Resumes Whaling in Southern Ocean, Skirting International Court of Justice Ban, ABC News (December 1, 2015), http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-01/japan-resumes-whaling-in-southern-ocean/6988298.
51 See Report of the Whale Welfare and Ethics Workshop (March 22–23, 2011) (Eden Project, Cornwall, United Kingdom), https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/ml-whalewelfareethicsworkshopreport-101111.pdf.
52 International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (IDCPA) of 1997, 11 Stat. 1122; 16 U.S.C. § 1361 et seq; 16 U.S.C. § 1411.
53 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), http://www.iotc.org/ (last visited February 15, 2017).
54 Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), https://www.wcpfc.int/ (last visited February 15, 2017).
55 See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the Expert Consultation on the Marking of Fishing Gear, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Rep. No. R1157 (April 4–7, 2016), http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5729e.pdf.
56 IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2016-3, http://www.iucnredlist.org (last visited February 1, 2017).
57 Sarah Kaplan, Earth Is on Brink of a Sixth Mass Extinction, Scientists Say, and It's Humans’ Fault, Wash. Post (June 22, 2015), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/06/22/the-earth-is-on-the-brink-of-a-sixth-mass-extinction-scientists-say-and-its-humans-fault/?utm_term=.108bff52881f.
58 Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531–1544.
59 Id.
60 Animal Welfare Act of 1966, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2131–2159.
61 Global Animal Law Project, https://www.globalanimallaw.org (last visited February 1, 2017).
62 Animal Welfare Act, 7 U.S.C. § 2131.