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Articles

Changing Perceptions of Marcolf the Trickster

 

Notes

1 ‘Der was komen von dem aufgange der sunnen’ (he had arrived from where the sun rises [the Orient]). Frag vnd antwort Salomonis vnd Marcolfi (Nuremberg: Marx Ayrer, 1487), aijr.

2 For a brief overview of early sources, see Nancy Mason Bradbury and Scott Bradbury, ‘The Dialogue of Solomon and Marcolf: Introduction’, in The Dialogue of Solomon and Marcolf: A Dual-Language Edition from Latin and Middle English Printed Editions, ed. Bradbury and Bradbury (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 2012), https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/bradbury-solomon-and-marcolf-intro.

3 ‘Salomon sprach Auβ einem vollen hertzen redt der mundt. Marcolfus Auβ einem vollen pauch herst der ars.’ Frag vnd antwort, avr.

4 Nancy Mason Bradbury, ‘Rival Wisdom in the Latin “Dialogue of Solomon and Marcolf”’, Speculum 83 (2008): 339–40.

5 Bradbury and Bradbury, ‘Introduction’.

6 Sabine Griese, Salomon und Markolf – Ein literarischer Komplex im Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit: Studien zu Überlieferung und Interpretation (Tübingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer, 1999), 1–2; and Michael Curschmann, ‘Markolf tanzt’, in Festschrift Walter Haug und Burghart Wachinger, ed. Johannes Janota et al. (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1992), 970.

7 Malcolm Jones, ‘Marcolf the Trickster in Late Mediaeval Art and Literature or: The Mystery of the Bum in the Oven’, in Spoken in Jest, ed. Gillian Bennett (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991), 161.

8 ‘Vnd dy person Marcolfi was kurtz vnd dick, grob vnd het ein groβ haubt ein preite stiren rot vnd geruntzelt horig oren hangede wangen groβ flieβende augen Der vnter lebs als ein kalbs lebs Ein stinckenden part als ein pock, plochet hende kurtze finger vnt dick schentlich füeβ eyn spitizge hogerte nasen, groβ vnd grobe lebβen ein eselich angesicht vnd har als ein ygel Groβ pewerisch schuch Vnd auch ein schwert vmb sich gegurt mit einer zurissen scheiden. Seyn kappen was mit har geflochten vnd geziert mit einem hyrsen gehüren Sein kleit het ein schnode farb vnd was von schnodem tuch. Sein rock ging im piβ auf dy scham. Czurissen hoβen Vnd sein hausfraw dy was iunck vnd gar grob mit groβen brüsten vnd grobe wertzen voren an den brüsten vnd augenbron als ein schwein auf dem rück ist, ein part wy ein pock vnd oren als ein esel, flieβend augen ein gesicht als ein vnck. ein gerunzelten leib vnd ein schwartze haut Ein groβ hochs hertz mit pley geziert Groβ kurtz finger geziert mit eiseren ringlein. Gar groβ lend vnd kurtz kryscheiben groβ vnd dick als ein per vnd harig. ein rock von harigem groben tuch der was gantz zu rissen vnd zuschnitten allenthaben.’ Frag vnd antwort, aijr.

9 Griese, Salomon und Markolf, 324: ‘Dw pist vnswaber vnd vngstalt,/ Eben wie man Marcoluum malt’. Cf. Michael Curschmann, ‘Marcolf or Aesop? The Question of Identity in Visio-Verbal Contexts’, Studies in Iconography 21 (2000): 1–45. Curschmann, ‘Marcolf tanzt’, 981.

10 Geoffrey Galt Harpham, On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 9–10.

11 On elongation or compression as techniques of the grotesque, see Ewa Kuryluk, Salome and Judas in the Cave of Sex: The Grotesque: Origins, Iconography, Techniques (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1987), 302–04.

12 Curschmann, ‘Marcolf tanzt’, 967.

13 Alison G. Stewart, Before Bruegel: Sebald Beham and the Origins of Peasant Festival Imagery (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008), 107–08; and Keith Moxey, ‘Sebald Beham’s Church Anniversary Holidays: Festive Peasants as Instruments of Repressive Humor’, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 12, nos 2–3 (1981–82): 117–18.

14 Stewart, Before Bruegel, 107.

15 Ibid., 283–88. Curschmann provides an overview of these developments in ‘Marcolf tanzt’, but somewhat confounds chronology in his analysis of Beham’s works alongside the Augsburg series.

16 Georg Stuhlfauth, ‘Neues zum Werke des Hans Weiditz’, Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für vervielfältigende Kunst (1920): 1–5 (as Weiditz); and Heinrich Röttinger, ‘Augsburger Einzelblätter um 1530’, Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für vervielfältigende Kunst (1924): 34–40 (as Beck).

17 The attribution is irrelevant to my argument here. I am following current scholarship on the Gotha collection. Bernd Schäfter, Ulrike Eydinger, and Matthias Rekow, eds, Fliegende Blätter: Die Sammlung der Einblattholzschnitte des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts der Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein Gotha, 2 vols (Stuttgart: Arnoldsche Art Publishers, 2016), I, 294–95.

18 Antony Griffiths, The Print Before Photography: An Introduction to European Printmaking 1550–1820 (London: British Museum Press, 2016), 195–200.

19 Schäfter, Eydinger, and Rekow, eds, Fliegende Blätter, I, 315.8. The online catalogue of the Gotha collection was not available at the time of this essay going to press; the website address for the catalogue is https://www.stiftungfriedenstein.de/sammlungen. Once the database is online, readers can search for images and further information using inventory numbers cited here. The Doctor and His Assistant, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,27; and Old Woman and Her Maid, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,25.

20 Schäfter, Eydinger, and Rekow, eds, Fliegende Blätter, I, 316. Lansquenet, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,22; and The Lansquenet’s Wife, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,24.

21 Frans Huys, Master Jan Slechthoofd, c. 1546–62, engraving, 28.2 × 42.1 cm. For an impression in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, see http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.127836. Brunswick Monogrammist, Brothel Scene, 1537, oil on oak, 30.1 × 46.5 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, http://www.smb-digital.de/eMuseumPlus?service = ExternalInterface&module = collection&objectId=865839&viewType = detailView.

22 Schäfter, Eydinger, and Rekow, eds, Fliegende Blätter, I, 314. Mair Uelin and His Wife, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,26; and The Cook and Her Lover, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, inv. no. 40,28.

23 For a cruder copy without banderols in Berlin, see Stuhlfauth, ‘Weiditz’, 3. Cf. Röttinger, ‘Augsburger Einzelblätter’, 37 (as Beck). Given the popularity of the series, the blocks were probably copied at an early stage.

24 Curschmann, ‘Marcolf tanzt’, 980.

25 The etymology of which is unclear. The author is unknown. For the German verse, see the entry on Mair Uelin (inv. no. 40,26) in the Gotha catalogue, https://www.stiftungfriedenstein.de/sammlungen: ‘My name is Mair Uelin von der Linden / Where could you find a fiercer mercenary / I am well equipped with spear and staff / and wearing my armour / I am carrying nice wine and a goose / And I will add to this a hand / with which I touch his goitre / so that he shall push me better.’

26 The Dancer and His Wife, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, inv. no. 40,29. For the German verse, see the database entry at https://www.stiftungfriedenstein.de/sammlungen: ‘I can dance in a most courtly manner / And wiggle about with my Grete / she has a clever mouth / and a nose like a vinegar jug / With her dancing she is practising a noble art / and that is how she much wins my favour / Though I may have a large belly / I still find the hearth.’

27 Jeroen Stumpel, ‘Dance and Distinction: Spotting a Motif in Weiditz, Dürer and Van Meckenem’, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 32, no. 1 (2006): 7–8.

28 Schäfter, Eydinger, and Rekow, eds, Fliegende Blätter, I, 314: here only in relation to Mair Uelin.

29 However, Hopfer produced copies of other peasant imagery. See Christof Metzger, Daniel Hopfer. Ein Augsburger Meister der Renaissance: Eisenradierungen, Holzschnitte, Zeichnungen, Waffenätzungen (Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2009), 413–15.

30 Hans-Joachim Raupp, Bauernsatiren: Entstehung und Entwicklung des bäuerlichen Genres in der deutschen und niederländischen Kunst ca. 1470–1570 (Niederzier, Germany: Lukassen, 1986), 116.

31 Werner Lenk, Das Nürnberger Fastnachtsspiel des 15. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur Theorie und zur Interpretation des Fastnachtsspiels als Dichtung (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1966), 76.

32 Ibid.

33 ‘heßlich vnd peuerisch’, Frag vnd antwort, aijr. Raupp, Baurensatiren, 50–51.

34 Nina Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, ‘Ugliness’, in Critical Terms for Art History, ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 289–95; and David Landau and Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 349.

35 Walter S. Gibson, ‘Festive Peasants Before Bruegel: Three Case Studies and Their Implications’, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 31, no. 4 (2004–05): 300–01.

36 Moxey, ‘Beham’s Church Anniversary’, 127.

37 Bradbury, ‘Rival Wisdom’, 346; and Werner Mezger, Narrenidee und Fastnachtsbrauch: Studien zum Fortleben des Mittelalters in der europäischen Festkultur (Konstanz: Universitätsverlag, 1991), 98.

38 However, the potential challenge to the perceived natural order is immediately qualified when he stresses his uniqueness. Bolikana and Marcolf, woodcut, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, inv. no. 40,30. For the German original, see the catalogue entry at https://www.stiftungfriedenstein.de/sammlungen: ‘Though I may not be pretty, I still have a wise mind / I disputed with Solomon / who was much adorned with wisdom / that exceeded other people’s / On earth you shan’t find anyone like me / and my wife Bolikana / If you don’t like me, leave me be.’

39 Harpham, Grotesque, 10.

40 Bradbury, ‘Rival Wisdom’, 343–44.

41 Moxey, ‘Beham’s Church Anniversary’, 128.

42 Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984). As Nancy and Scott Bradbury have remarked, one might indeed term Bakhtin’s theories Marcolfian. Bradbury and Bradbury, ‘Introduction’.

43 Bakhtin, Rabelais, 81.

44 Michael G. Baylor, ‘The German Peasants’ War’, in Martin Luther in Context, ed. David M. Whitford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 135–42.

45 Ibid., 139.

46 Ibid., 140–41; and Anthony M. Bateza, ‘Reconciling Rapacious Wolves and Misguided Sheep: Law and Responsibility in Martin Luther’s Response to the Peasants’ War’, Political Theology 19, no. 4 (2018): 265–67.

47 Bateza, ‘Reconciling Wolves’, 265.

48 Curschmann, ‘Marcolf tanzt’, 970 on rural life in the Dialogue.

49 Metzger, Hopfer, 413–15.

50 For an impression, see Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein, inv. no. 40,7.

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