Response surface analysis of nozzle parameters at supersonic flow through microjets

ABSTRACT

Base pressure is a crucial component in the measurement of flow parameters in a high-speed aerodynamic flow. In this paper, the microjets impact as a control mechanism is experimentally tested for the nozzles with abrupt expansion at supersonic Mach in an axisymmetric conduit. The flow regulation mechanism is placed at a 90-degree interval in the shape of an orifice of 0.5 mm in radius along the nozzle’s exit diameter, which generates jets at sonic Mach numbers. The flow constraints studied are inertia level (Mach number), expansion level (NPR), and the geometric parameters considered are the pipe’s length (L/D). These three relevant parameters were selected for design of experiments (DOE). In the management of base pressure, this analysis’s primary objective is to evaluate the parameters influencing the flow. The experiments were carried out in two ways: without and with microjets. For the DOE, an L₂₇ orthogonal series, polynomial expression, analysis of variance, and predicted plots were carried out to test the experimental findings. The established prototypes are statistically appropriate and achieved when making precise projections for all the cases. According to the present results, the L/D ratio for a given parameter is the most critical parameter influencing the maximum increase or decrease in the base pressure.

KEYWORDS:

• Design of experiments; high-speed flows
• CD nozzle
• base pressure
• RSM

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

The authors Abdul Aabid and Muneer Baig wish to acknowledge the support of the Structures and Materials (S&M) Research Lab of Prince Sultan University.

Nomenclature

P_bBase pressure

P_wWall pressure

P_aAtmospheric pressure

M Mach number

ρ Density

K Turbulent kinetic energy

μ Dynamic Viscosity

Subscripts

BFS Backward-Facing Steps

CD Convergent-Divergent

DF Degree of freedom

DOE Design of Experiments

L/D Length to Diameter ratio

NPR Nozzle pressure ratio

PRV Pressure Regulating Valve

RANS Reynolds Average Navier Stokes

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Turki Al-Khalifah

Mr. Turki Al-Khalifah completed his bachelor’s in mechanical engineering from the technical college of Riyadh in the year 2010 and his master are in automotive engineering from International Islamic University Malaysia in the year 2021. He is currently working as a trainer in the technology college of Al-Kharj, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He has a total of 10 years of teaching experience, and he published three international journal papers. His research area fluid dynamics, supersonic flow control and solid mechanics.

Abdul Aabid

Dr. Abdul Aabid received his bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from KBNCE (VTU) India in 2010. After graduation, he joined as a lecturer in KBNCE (VTU) from 2010 to 2012. He did a master’s in aerospace engineering from MRCET (JNTU) India in 2014. Then, he worked as an assistant professor in MITE (VTU) India from 2014 to 2016. Later he joined International Islamic University Malaysia for PhD program in mechanical engineering and received his doctorate in 2020. He is currently working as a post-doctoral fellow at the structures and materials research lab, Department of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, KSA. He has published more than 50 research papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests are solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, repair of structures, and engineering materials. He is a student member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is also an editorial board member of Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing (Tech Science Press, USA) and Journal of Modern Mechanical Engineering and Technology (Zeal Press, UK).

Sher Afghan Khan

Dr. S. A. Khan was born in UP, India, on April 07, 1957. He received a B.Sc. Engg. degree in Mechanical Engineering from AMU, Aligarh, India, in 1982. He obtained M. Tech and PhD degrees in Aerospace Engineering (Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics) from IIT Kanpur, India, in 1984 and 2001, respectively. He published many papers in International Journals and Conferences of repute. His research interest includes Experimental Aerodynamics, Active and Passive Control of High-Speed Jets and Flows with Sudden Expansion. He also works in Heat Transfer, Smart Materials, and application of soft computing high-Speed Fluid Flow, Estimation of Stability derivatives in pitch and roll for wedges, cones, ogives, and Delta Wings. Presently, he works as a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami

Dr. Muhammad Hanafi Azami is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Before becoming an academic staff in 2017, he was a PhD Researcher in the Centre for Propulsion, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. He was awarded MSc (Mechanical Engineering-Aerospace) and B.Eng. (Aerospace Engineering) in IIUM. His research focus area in aerospace propulsion technologies includes pressure gained combustor, performance and emissions of aero-gas turbines, alternative fuels, hybrid rocket technology, and optimization. He holds a Professional Technologist (Aerospace and Aviation Technology) under the Malaysia Board of Technologist (MBOT) and an affiliate member of Young Scientist Network-Academy Science Malaysia since 2018.

Muneer Baig

Dr. Muneer Baig is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Engineering Management Department of Prince Sultan University. He joined Prince Sultan University in the year 2017 as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor in the Year 2019. Before joining Prince Sultan University, he was working as an Assistant Professor at the Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials, King Saud University from the year 2010 to 2017. During this time, he worked on several projects that were funded by the university and projects funded by KACST. His research areas include the development and synthesis of nanocrystalline materials, severe plastic deformation of materials, processing and characterization of polymer composites, material modelling including strain-rate effects and dynamic characterization of materials.