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ABSTRACT
The emerging four-dimensional (4D) additive manufacturing (AM) has evolved from passive 3D printed objects to active ones, where materials and structures react to environmental stimulus. While nature is often the inspiration in fabricating static structures, it also plays a vital role in 4D printing. In order to survive and protect themselves from harsh environments, both plants and animals are equipped with unique movements and locomotion. However, the process of fabricating bioinspired 4D structures is complex and challenging. This review provides an overview of nature-inspired actuation to the realisation by 4D printing. Firstly, an understanding of nature actuations is briefly depicted. Next, the processes involved in the fabrication of 4D printed parts are described. Lastly, the challenges and potential applications are discussed.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Yun Lu Tee
Yun Lu Tee received her Bachelor’s degree in Materials Engineering and Master’s degree in Engineering Science from University of Malaya, Malaysia. She is currently a PhD student at RMIT University, Australia. Her research interests lie in the field of biomimetics and additive manufacturing.
Phuong Tran
Phuong Tran is a senior lecturer in Civil & Infrastructure Engineering department, RMIT University and also member of RMIT Advanced Manufacturing Precinct. His interests lie at the interface between solid mechanics and materials engineering with the aim to develop novel materials and smart structures that exhibit paradigm-shifting properties against extreme static and dynamic loading that can impact the general field of infrastructure. His research group is also interested in learning the fundamental aspects of nature’s materials and how to mimic nature to make better and more sustainable materials.