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Abstract
Seville, Spain’s fourth largest city and the capital of Andalusia, is one of the most visited cities in the country and increasingly in Europe. Tourism has traditionally been an important sector for the urban economy, but after the 2008 financial crash it has become the city’s main source of income. Tourist numbers have soared over the last decade and they are likely to keep growing now that the Lonely Planet has labelled Seville the best city to visit in 2018 and Airbnb has chosen Andalusia as one of the top destinations for 2019. There has also been an increase in the number of migrants from wealthy countries over the last few years. Not surprisingly, these migrants and tourists share spatial patterns: both generally concentrate on Seville’s historic district and urban centre. We argue that the rapid increase of tourism and the settlement of lifestyle migrants in this part of the city have triggered spatial processes that have resulted in social injustice. Therefore, we explore whether the growth of visitor numbers has reached the extent of overtourism, because the tourist infrastructure and its activities may clash with those of local residents. We also study whether the socio-economic profile of many of these residents has changed due to migration, which could potentially mean the beginning of a transnational gentrification process. Seville’s city centre is becoming a privileged place, where the average Sevillian cannot afford to live and increasingly feels out of place. Our argument is supported by a combination of quantitative data analysis (demographic, housing and tourism statistics) and qualitative research (interviews) analyses. Our case illustrates how tourism helps to reshape historic urban districts and becomes socially unsustainable, as it gradually excludes local communities.
摘要
塞维利亚是西班牙第四大城市, 也是安达卢西亚的首都, 是西班牙最受欢迎的旅游城市之一, 在欧洲也越来越受欢迎。旅游业传统上一直是该市重要的经济部门, 但在2008年金融危机之后, 它已成为该城市的主要收入来源。在过去的十年里, 游客数量激增, 现在可能还会继续增长, 因为《孤独星球》将塞维利亚列为2018年最佳旅游城市, 而Airbnb将安达卢西亚列为2019年最佳旅游目的地之一。过去几年来, 来自富裕国家的移民数量也有所增加。毫不奇怪, 这些移民和游客有共同的空间模式:通常都集中在塞维利亚的历史街区和城市中心。我们认为, 旅游业的快速增长和该街区生活方式移民的定居引发了导致社会不公的空间进程。因此, 我们探讨游客数量的增长是否已经达到了过度旅游的程度, 因为旅游基础设施及其活动可能与当地居民生活设施与及日常活动有冲突。我们还研究了这些居民的社会经济状况是否因移民而改变, 这可能意味着跨国绅士化进程的开始。塞维利亚的市中心正在成为一个特权场所, 在那里, 普通的塞维利亚人无法生活, 并越来越感到格格不入。我们的论点得到了定量数据分析(人口、住房和旅游统计)和定性研究(访谈)分析的共同支持。我们的案例说明, 旅游业如何帮助重塑历史城区, 并在社会上变得不可持续, 因为它逐渐排斥当地社区。
Sevilla, la cuarta ciudad de España y capital de Andalucía, es uno de los destinos más visitados del país y cada vez más de Europa. El turismo ha sido siempre un sector clave en la economía urbana, pero tras la crisis de 2008 se ha convertido en la principal fuente de ingresos. El incremento del turismo en la última década no tiene precedentes, y probablemente siga aumentando tras las designaciones de Lonely Planet como la mejor ciudad para visitar en 2018, y la de Airbnb, que ha elegido a Andalucía como uno de los destinos más apetecibles en 2019. Al mismo tiempo, los migrantes de países ricos han crecido en los últimos años. Estos comparten con los turistas un patrón espacial claro: ambos se concentran en el centro urbano e histórico de Sevilla. Se parte de que el rápido aumento del turismo y la llegada de migrantes por estilo de vida en esa parte de la ciudad ha disparado procesos espaciales, profundizando en injusticias sociales. Por tanto, investigamos si el crecimiento de visitantes ha alcanzado un punto de sobreturismo en tanto que las infraestructuras y actividades turísticas compiten con aquellas de los residentes. También estudiamos si el perfil socio-económico de muchos de estos residentes ha cambiado debido a la migración, lo que podría estar provocando un proceso de gentrificación transnacional. El centro de Sevilla se está convirtiendo en un lugar privilegiado donde el sevillano medio no se puede permitir vivir y con mayor frecuencia se siente incómodo. Nuestra investigación se basa en una combinación de análisis cuantitativos (a través de estadísticas sobre demografía, turismo y vivienda) y cualitativos (mediante entrevistas). El caso evidencia cómo el turismo ayuda a reconfigurar los distritos históricos turísticos y puede convertirse en socialmente insostenible en tanto que progresivamente excluye a las comunidades locales.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank two anonymous referees for their insightful comments on a previous draft of this paper. The usual disclaimers apply.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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Notes on contributors
Jaime Jover
Jaime Jover is Post-Doctoral Researcher at the University of Seville, where he completed his PhD in Human Geography in 2017 and worked as research and teaching assistant between 2012 and 2016. He is interested in critical urban theory, social geographies and spatial planning, having studied cases across Andalusia and Portugal. He has previously held researcher and teaching appointments at the Centre for Geographical Studies of the University of Lisbon (Portugal) and Osuna College (Spain).
Ibán Díaz-Parra
Iban Díaz-Parra studied Geography and Social Anthropology, completing his PhD in Human Geography at the University of Seville. He is currently Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Seville and secretary of the journal ‘Habitat y Sociedad’. In the past, he was post-doctoral researcher at the National Autonomus University of Mexico and the University of Buenos Aires as well as lecturer at the University of Cadiz. He is specialized in urban studies, conducting research on urban renewal and gentrification in Sevilla, Ciudad de México and Buenos Aires.