https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-7136
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Abstract
Exclaves are characterized by several advantages and disadvantages related to physical, economic, historical, social and cultural attributes; these depend on the owner- and the host-state as well as on relationship between the two. Using the case of Ceuta, a Spanish pene-exclave located in north-western Africa bordering Morocco, air travel mobility and accessibility issues faced by residents are identified and discussed primarily in the context of outbound tourism. The empirical research uses a mixed method approach of data collection based on questionnaires distributed to Ceuta residents and participant observation of the local community. Findings suggest that while enhancing accessibility is generally considered to be positive for travel, the reality is more complex in the case of exclaves and pene-exclaves, where geographical discontinuity and lack of land transport connections with the mainland and hinterland of the owner state may co-exist with geo-political conflicts between the owner and the host countries, i.e. Spain and Morocco respectively in the present context. Based on the concept of tourism for peace and its implications for border tourism and the scaling-up of spatial interaction between neighboring regions belonging to different countries, simpler border-crossing procedures along with innovative destination management policies at local level are proposed to improve exclave accessibility and travel mobility in practice to the benefit of both local residents and inbound tourists.
摘要
飞地依据其物理、经济、历史、社会和文化属性有其优缺点。这些优缺点取决于飞地所属国和东道国以及两者之间的关系。本文以休达(一个位于非洲西北部与摩洛哥接壤的西班牙飞地)为例, 在出境游的背景下确定和讨论了居民面临的航空旅行流动性和可达性问题。实证研究采用以向休达居民发放问卷和对当地社区参与观察为基础的混合数据收集方法。研究结果表明,尽管可达性提升通常被认为对旅行来说是积极方面,就飞地和全飞地（pene-exclaves）来说, 现实情况更为复杂, 那里地理不连续, 与飞地所有国缺乏陆地交通连接大陆和腹地, 可能与飞地所属国和东道国之间的地缘政治冲突共同存在,例如西班牙和摩洛哥目前冲突。基于旅游和平的概念及其对边境旅游、分属不同国家的临近地区空间互动的按比例增加的启示, 本文提出在地方层面简化过境手续以及创新目的地管理政策, 以改善飞地的可达性和旅游流动性, 从实务上惠及入境游客和当地居民。
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Mr. George Tataris, Environmental Cartographer, Civil and Transport Engineer in the Laboratory of Cartography & Geoinformatics of the Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Lesvos, Greece, for the production of maps in Figures 1 and 4.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Τhe conflict between Spain and Morocco is political-territorial in nature and is still having an influence on the border (Rijk, Citation2018). More specifically, Morocco has challenged the Spanish dominance in Ceuta as a relic of Spanish colonialism and argues that Ceuta should belong to the Moroccan region of Tangier. On the contrary, for Spain, Ceuta is a territory upon conquest before 1668 when Portugal accepted Ceuta as Spanish territory in the Treaty of Lisbon (Poulaki and Papatheodorou, Citation2016).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Ioulia Poulaki
Dr. Ioulia Poulaki has been working in the Air Transport industry for 10 years with experience in commercial and operational departments. She also collaborates with Hellenic Open University, University of West Attica and University of Patras, as an Adjunct Lecturer in undergraduate and postgraduate programs of Tourism Management.
Andreas Papatheodorou
Professor Dr Andreas Papatheodorou is Professor in Industrial and Spatial Economics with Emphasis on Tourism at the University of the Aegean, Greece and Adjunct Professor at the University of New South Wales, Australia.
Alexandros Panagiotopoulos
Alexandros Panagiotopoulos is a Transport Engineer, specialized in Railways and Choice Modeling. He has collaborated with EPFL, Lausanne as Scientific Assistant and with Swiss IMDM Infra as part-time consultant. Currently, he works in Aegean Airlines SA as an Analyst in the Customer Relations Management Department.
Sotiroula Liasidou
Dr Sotiroula Liasidou is a holder of a PhD in Management (with emphasis on Tourism) from the University of Exeter, an MSc in Tourism Management from the University of Surrey and a BA (Hons) in Hospitality Management from Middlesex University. Currently, she is a Lecturer in the Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, at the Cyprus University of Technology (CUT).