![Sample our Tourism, Hospitality and Events journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5950/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Tourism-Hospitality-Events.jpg"})
Abstract
In marking 400 years since the first enslaved Africans arrived to Jamestown, United States in 1619, the Ghana government through the Ghana Tourism Authority initiated the Year of Return 2019 (#YOR2019). The goal was to unite Africans in the diaspora with those on the continent, especially in Ghana, through a year-long calendar of commercial and commemorative slavery heritage tourism activities ranging from visits to slavery sites, healing ceremonies, theatre and musical performances, festivals, investment forums and relocation conferences. When a destination tourism product is rooted in a less-than-desirable past, how is ‘balance’ achieved between commercialization and commemoration? In exploring this conceptual question, we developed a methodological innovation utilizing the social media platform Twitter for data collection. Using a social media crawler coded in Python programming language, we scrapped tweets from the accounts of the Ghana Tourism Authority prior, during, and after the YOR2019 based on hashtag searches. After data cleaning, 1010 tweets were inductively analysed using NVIVO qualitative data analysis software. The findings revealed three emergent themes along a commodification-commemoration continuum: (1) the eventification and festivalisation of slavery heritage tourism, (2) celebrity co-production of YOR2019 experiences through social media and (3) pivoting from a predominantly slavery heritage destination to a destination that focuses on other touristic and business travel. Ultimately, YOR2019 marked a significant push by Ghana to move into a ‘Beyond the Return’ phase that pivots away from slavery heritage towards a more well-rounded tourism product for roots, leisure, and business travellers. The research established that commodification in slavery heritage tourism does not inherently destroy cultural meanings but provide new commemorative meanings for a new generation of Black travellers searching for more than just their roots.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Pilgrimage: In the case of this work, pilgrimage refers to journeys of the African diaspora to visit geographic locations they consider to be tied to their ancestral heritage.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Emmanuel Akwasi Adu-Ampong
Dr. Emmanuel Akwasi Adu-Ampong is an Assistant Professor at the Cultural Geography group at Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands and a Senior Research Associate at the School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He currently holds a Dutch Research Council (NWO) Veni Grant (VI.Veni.201S.037) researching on the geographies of slavery heritage tourism in the Ghana-Suriname-Netherlands triangle. His other research interests are on sustainable tourism development, tourism policy and planning, cultural heritage management, and innovations in qualitative research methodologies.
Alana Dillette
Dr. Alana Dillette is the Co-Director of Tourism RESET and an Assistant Professor of Hospitality and Tourism Management at San Diego State University. Dr. Dillette conducts research that explores the intersection between tourism, race, gender & ethnicity. Her work has been published in numerous top-tier peer reviewed journals as well as in travel industry publications such as AFAR Media. More specifically, she is working on research to gain a better understanding of the Black travel experience in addition to the challenges faced by Black hospitality and tourism professionals.