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ABSTRACT
The Albanian case represents the most spectacular instance of East–West migration after the dismantling of the Iron Curtain. This paper examines the ways in which Albanians have been able to access employment in Greece and analyzes the processes through which the exclusion of Albanians in employment has occurred. In doing so, we acknowledge the multi-dimensionality of the concept and we look at what kind of inclusion different groups and individuals of Albanian origin achieve in the Greek society and why some migrants do better than others. We will identify three groups of migrants: those who have no contact with any networks of support, are unable to find a job and are in need of help; those who are at risk, fragile in economic terms, without access to social provisions or benefits; and finally those who after regularization have a relatively stable job, and access to social provisions and benefits.
This chapter is based on the findings of the project ‘Albanians in Italy and Greece: a study in migration dynamics and social exclusion’, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No: F/00230/D, 2001–2003). Gabriella Lazaridis and Maria Koumandrakis have been, respectively, Director and Research Assistant on the Greek part of the project. The authors acknowledge the financial contribution of the Leverhulme Trust on this project. We would like to thank the three anonymous referees and the editor of the journal Claire Wallace, for their helpful constructive comments.
This chapter is based on the findings of the project ‘Albanians in Italy and Greece: a study in migration dynamics and social exclusion’, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No: F/00230/D, 2001–2003). Gabriella Lazaridis and Maria Koumandrakis have been, respectively, Director and Research Assistant on the Greek part of the project. The authors acknowledge the financial contribution of the Leverhulme Trust on this project. We would like to thank the three anonymous referees and the editor of the journal Claire Wallace, for their helpful constructive comments.
Notes
This chapter is based on the findings of the project ‘Albanians in Italy and Greece: a study in migration dynamics and social exclusion’, funded by the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No: F/00230/D, 2001–2003). Gabriella Lazaridis and Maria Koumandrakis have been, respectively, Director and Research Assistant on the Greek part of the project. The authors acknowledge the financial contribution of the Leverhulme Trust on this project. We would like to thank the three anonymous referees and the editor of the journal Claire Wallace, for their helpful constructive comments.
2Migrants from Albania are distinguished between ‘other Albanians’, that is those of Albanian ethnicity and ‘ethnic Greek Albanians’ or so-called ‘Northern Epirotes’ who are of Greek ethnicity and Albanian nationality. They are also distinguished in terms of legal status; since 1998 the ‘other’ Albanians are entitled to apply for residence and work permits as foreign workers via regularisation programmes (presidential decrees 1997, law 2910/2001); the ‘ethnic Greek Albanians’ are granted a favourable legal status, a three year residence permit (Ministerial Decision no. 4000/3/10-e FEK B 395/29.04.1998 which was replaced by the no. 4000/3/10/le, FEK B 707/6.06.2001)) which grants them equal rights to those of Greek citizens with the exception of political rights, on the basis of their Greek ethnicity.
3Southern Europe's welfare ‘regime’, is among other things characterised by underdeveloped social services and emphasis on the role of the family as the core unit of social care. This, in conjunction with an ageing population and changes in family structures and rising levels of women's employment have dictated an increase in demand for domestic services, childcare and care of the elderly.
4Regularisation programmes have been introduced in Greece since 1998. Regularisation refers to the legal process which aims to issue residence permits to irregular migrants who reside within a state territory (Apap et al. Citation2000: 263).
5The effects of the inflow of undocumented migrants on the Greek labour market differ from one geographical area to another.