Cybercrime and shifts in opportunities during COVID-19: a preliminary analysis in the UK

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 outbreak and the far-reaching lockdown measures are having direct and indirect effects on complex social domains, including opportunities for crime offline and online. This paper presents preliminary analyses about the short-term effect of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on cyber-dependent crime and online fraud in the UK. Time series analyses from data about crimes known to police between May 2019 and May 2020 are used to explore the extent to which cybercrime has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. More specifically, we examine whether cybercrime has suffered an increase during the months with the strictest lockdown restrictions, as an effect of the displacement of crime opportunities from physical to online environments. Results indicate that reports of cybercrime have increased during the COVID-19 outbreak, and these were remarkably large during the two months with the strictest lockdown policies and measures. In particular, the number of frauds associated with online shopping and auctions, and the hacking of social media and email, which are the two most common cybercrime categories in the UK, have seen the largest increases in the number of incidents. The increase in cyber-dependent crimes has mainly been experienced by individual victims rather than organisations.

KEYWORDS:

• Crime trends
• Internet
• cyber security
• fraud
• police statistics
• routine activities

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

David Buil-Gil

David Buil-Gil is a Research Fellow in Cybercrime at the Department of Criminology of the University of Manchester, UK. His primary research interests are in crime data modeling, victimization surveys, measurement error in crime data and new methods for data collection.

Fernando Miró-Llinares

Fernando Miró-Llinares is Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology at Crímina Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Crime at Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Spain. His research interests cover cybercrime, crime trends, environmental criminology, deterrence and criminal law.

Asier Moneva

Asier Moneva is Research Personnel in Training (FPU16/01671) at Crímina Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Crime at Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Spain. His research focuses on cybercrime analysis and prevention from a situational perspective.

Steven Kemp

Steven Kemp is Assistant Lecturer in Criminology and PhD candidate at University of Girona, Spain. His research focuses on fraud, cybercrime and white-collar crime.

Nacho Díaz-Castaño

Nacho Díaz-Castaño is a Researcher at Crímina Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Crime at Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain. His primary research interests are in cybercrime and transnational crime.