RETRACTED ARTICLE: 'Fraternal Socialism': The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953–62

Statement of Retraction: '"Fraternal Socialism": The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-62'

We, the Editors and Publisher of Cold War History, have retracted the following article:

Charles K. Armstrong, '"Fraternal Socialism": The International Reconstruction of North Korea, 1953-62', Cold War History, 5, 2 (2005) 161-187, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1462740500061160.

The Editors of Cold War History, and Taylor & Francis as Publisher of Cold War History, originally accepted this article in good faith, following scholarly peer review. It has subsequently been brought to our attention, and further substantiated by postpublication review, that passages in this article were substantially reproduced and reworded without correct and proper attribution, and that the article includes fabrication and falsification of sources, in direct contravention with academic practice and publication ethics. The Editors of Cold War History strongly disapprove of this conduct.

Most of the passages in question were derived from the following work:

Balázs Szalontai, 'The Failure of De-Stalinization in North Korea, 1953-1964: The DPRK in a Comparative Perspective' (PhD dissertation: Central European University, 2003), subsequently published as Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).

In accordance with our policy on publishing ethics and integrity, and the COPE guidelines on retractions, the retracted article will remain online, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as 'RETRACTED'.