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Notes
1 V. Turner, The Anthropology of Performance (New York, 1988), pp. 156-7.
2 C. Bell, Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions (Oxford, 1997), p. ix.
3 G. Althoff and B. Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Spektakel der Macht? Einleitung’, in B. Stollberg-Rilinger, M. Puhle, J. Götzmann and G. Althoff (eds), Spektakel der Macht: Rituale im Alten Europa 800-1800 (Darmstadt, 2008), pp. 15-19, p. 15.
4 Most of the texts collected in this volume were read at the conference ‘Monarchy and Modernity since 1500’ held at the University of Cambridge in January 2019, which was organised by one of this volume’s guest editors, Carolina Armenteros.
5 V. Turner, ‘Symbols in African Ritual’, Science 179.16 (1972), pp. 1100-05, p. 1101.
6 B. Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Much Ado About Nothing? Rituals of Politics in Early Modern Europe and Today. 24th Annual Lecture of the GHI, Washington DC, November 11, 2010,’ Bulletin of the GHI Washington 48 (2011), pp. 9-24, p. 11.
7 Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Much Ado About Nothing?’, p. 12.
8 M. Hengerer, ‘Hofzeremoniell’, in W. Paravicini, J. Hirschbiegel and J. Wettlaufer (eds), Handbuch Höfe und Residenzen im spätmittelalterlichen Reich: Ein dynastisch-topographisches Handbuch, 3 vols (Göttingen, 2003-2007), vol. III, pp. 433-56, pp. 434-5.
9 C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), p. 48.
10 See C. Sarti, ‘Divine Right of Dynasty’, in L. Geevers and H. Gustafsson (eds), Dynasty and State Formation in Europe, 1500–1700 (forthcoming 2021).
11 Bell, Ritual, pp. 129-30. See below for a discussion of the theatre-state. As Bell also argues, ritual was particularly important to absolutist monarchs because they based their authority on an outside, incorporeal authority, that is, by divine right. This point is debatable, as absolutist monarchs were not the first to see themselves as ruling by God’s will, but this was rather a consistent feature of European monarchy.
12 Bell, Ritual, pp. 128, 129.
13 M. Bloch, ‘The Ritual of the Royal Bath in Madagascar: The Dissolution of Death, Birth and Fertility into Authority’, in D. Cannadine and S. Price (eds), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 271-97, p. 294.
14 Bell, Ritual, p. 129.
15 C. Geertz, Negara, The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali (Princeton, 1980), p. 13; C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Culture (New York, 1973), p. 357.
16 Bloch, ‘The Ritual of the Royal Bath in Madagascar’, p. 295.
17 D. Cannadine, ‘Introduction: Divine Rites of Kings’, in Cannadine and Price (eds), Rituals of Royalty, pp. 1-19, p. 19.
18 K. Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven & London, 1992), pp. 217-8.
19 W. R. Newton, Derrière la façade: vivre au château de Versailles au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 2008), p. 96.
20 J.M. Sutton, Materializing Space at an Early Modern Prodigy House: the Cecils at Theobalds, 1564–1607 (Aldershot, 2004), pp. 14, 85-6. Tülay Artan notes in her chapter in this volume that a seventeenth-century Ottoman ceremonial book carefully records the spatial organisation and nomenclature of the Topkapı palace and the palace at Edirne.
21 Sutton, Materializing Space, p. 14.
22 B. Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Zeremoniell als politisches Verfahren: Rangordnung und Rangstreit als Strukturmerkmale des frühneuzeitlichen Reichstags’, in J. Kunisch (ed.), Neue Studien zur frühneuzeitlichen Reichsgeschichte (Berlin, 1997), pp. 91-132, p. 95.
23 See for example B. Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Logik und Semantik des Ranges in der Frühen Neuzeit’, in R. Jessen (ed.), Konkurrenz in der Geschichte: Praktiken — Werte—– Institutionalisierungen (Frankfurt and New York, 2014), pp. 197-227.
24 Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Zeremoniell als politisches Verfahren’, p. 92. See for example, B. Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Die Wissenschaft der feinen Unterschiede. Das Präzedenzrecht und die europäischen Monarchien vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert’, Majestas 10 (2002), pp. 125-50; A. Pečar, Die Ökonomie der Ehre: der höfische Adel am Kaiserhof Karls VI. (1711–1740) (Darmstadt, 2003); M. Füssel, Gelehrtenkultur als symbolische Praxis: Rang, Ritual und Konflikt an der Universität der Frühen Neuzeit (Darmstadt, 2006); T. Weller, Theatrum Praecedentiae: zeremonieller Rang und gesellschaftliche Ordnung in der frühneuzeitlichen Stadt: Leipzig 1500–1800 (Darmstadt, 2006).
25 Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Zeremoniell als politisches Verfahren’, pp. 100-02.
26 K. Van Eerde, ‘The Creation of the Baronetage in England’, Huntington Library Quarterly 22, no 4 (1959), pp. 313-22.
27 B. Sandberg, Warrior Pursuits: Noble Culture and Civil Conflict in Early Modern France (Baltimore, 2010), pp. 6-7.
28 Voltaire, Candide, ou, L’optimisme (Paris, 1766), ch. 1, p. 4.
29 C. Thomas, ‘Privilegium maius (1358/1359) als Erweiterung des Privilegium minus, 1156 September 17’, in E. Bruckmüller and P. Urbanitsch (eds), Ostarrîchi – Österreich 996–996: Menschen, Mythen, Meilensteine (Horn, 1996), p. 650, http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/kultdoku/kataloge/20/html/1818.htm.
30 E. Panicucci, ‘La questione del titolo granducale: il carteggio diplomatico tra Firenze e Madrid’, in Toscana e Spagna nel secolo XVI: Miscellanea di studi storici (Pisa, 1996), pp. 7-58, pp. 12-13, 45-58.
31 Ch. Backerra, Wien und London, 1727–1735: Internationale Beziehungen im frühen 18. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 2018), pp. 265-6.
32 A. Krischer, ‘Souveränität als sozialer Status: Zur Funktion des diplomatischen Zeremoniells in der Frühen Neuzeit’, in R. Kauz, G. Rota and J. P. Niederkorn (eds), Diplomatisches Zeremoniell in Europa und im mittleren Osten in der Frühen Neuzeit (Vienna, 2009), pp. 1-32.
33 K. J. Leyser, ‘Ritual, Zeremonie und Geste: das ottonische Reich’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 27 (1993), pp. 1-26, p. 2.
34 F.-J. Arlinghaus, ‘Rituale in der historischen Forschung der Vormoderne’, Zeitschrift für neuere Rechtsgeschichte 31 (2009), pp. 274-91, p. 279.
35 See various chapters in G. Versteegen, S. Bussels and W. Melion (eds), Magnificence in the Seventeenth Century (Leiden, 2020).
36 Bell, Ritual, pp. 160-61.
37 B. Stollberg-Rilinger, Des Kaisers alte Kleider: Verfassungsgeschichte und Symbolsprache des Alten Reiches (Munich, 2008), p. 300.
38 See in general Stollberg-Rilinger et al., Spektakel der Macht.
39 See for the very special case of two monarchs meeting, as did Henry VIII and Francis I on the Field of Cloth of Gold in June 1520, Calendar of State Papers Venetian, III, 1520–26 (London, 1926), pp. 20-21, 43.
40 Stollberg-Rilinger, ‘Much Ado About Nothing?’, p. 10.
41 Backerra, Wien und London, pp. 263-4.
42 Bell, Ritual, pp. 193-5. See also Artan’s article in this special issue, where she illustrates this point in relation to the codification of rules governing the rituals relating to state ceremonial in the Ottoman Empire.
43 P. Edwards, Horse and Man in Early Modern England (London, 2007), pp. 138-9.
44 Henry VIII suffered serious injuries while jousting in 1524 and 1536, while in 1559 King Henry II of France died when a splinter from a shattered lance pierced his eye. M. Graves, Henry VIII: A Study in Kingship (London, 2003), p. 62; Edwards, Horse and Man, p. 130.
45 Edwards, Horse and Man, p. 127.
46 Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I, p. 234.
47 See also R. Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (London, 1621), pp. 158, 339.
48 Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I, pp. 227, 230.
49 R. Sedgwick (ed.), Some Materials towards Memoirs of the Reign of King George II by John, Lord Hervey (New York, 1970), vol. I, pp. 40-44, p. 42.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Charlotte Backerra
Charlotte Backerra
Charlotte Backerra is Assistant Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Göttingen, Germany. She has published on international relations, diplomatic history, royal studies and gender history, including a monograph on Anglo-Austrian relations (in German), and co-edited volumes on the concept of the ‘Royal Nation’ and most recently on Confessional Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe (Routledge, 2020).
Peter Edwards
Peter Edwards
Peter Edwards is Professor Emeritus at Roehampton University, London. He has published on equine history and on the logistics of early modern warfare. His publications also include an edition of essays on William Cavendish, 1st duke of Newcastle, and a monograph on his uncle, William Cavendish, 1st earl of Devonshire.
Carolina Armenteros (guest editor)
Carolina Armenteros (PhD Cantab.) is a European historian and the director of the Centre for European Studies at the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra in the Dominican Republic, where she also teaches and conducts research. She has published multiple books and articles on monarchical thought and politics, most recently Monarchy and Liberalism in Spain: The Building of the Nation-State, 1780–1931 (Routledge, 2020).