Burgundian Sword Ritual: Charismatic and Regnal Authority at the Funeral of Philip the Good in Bruges, 1467

Abstract

Charles the Bold claimed sovereignty resided in his personal body and was legitimised by his virtues, especially that of justice. It has been debated whether these ideas were influenced by Humanism and if he can be described as a ‘Renaissance prince’. This problem can be addressed through an analysis of Burgundian funerary ceremonies. During Charles’s rule, such events were inspired by the French example of sacral monarchy. This article takes as a case study Philip the Good’s funeral in Bruges in 1467, at which Charles was presented with a sword lifted from his father’s coffin. This ritual allowed Charles to compare his authority to that of a king’s by stating that, despite the reality of his ducal status, he inherited his father’s lands as a unity and at the same moment. However, borrowing the term from Susan Reynolds, this ritual communicated a general ‘regnal’ status rather than a specifically ‘regal’ one because, unlike royal funerary ceremonies, it conflated Charles’s official and individual persona, claiming legitimacy more through personal charisma than accepted laws and traditions. The importance Charles gave to his virtues and persona was therefore primarily due to his status as a regnal prince aspiring to monarchy.

Notes

2 Richard Walsh, ‘The Coming of Humanism to the Low Countries: Some Italian Influences at the Court of Charles the Bold’, Humanistica Lovaniensia 25 (1976), pp. 146-97, p. 182.

3 Richard Walsh, Charles the Bold and Italy (1467–1477): Politics and Personnel (Liverpool, 2005), p. 166.

4 Walsh notes that some believe Charles to be a ‘proto-Renaissance prince’ but he does not use it himself, ibid., p. xxx. See also pp. 193-5, 219-20.

5 Arjo Vanderjagt, ‘Practicing Nobility in Fifteenth-Century Burgundian Courtly Culture: Ideology and Politics’, in David R. Knechtges and Eugene Vance (eds), Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture: China, Europe, and Japan (Seattle, 2005), pp. 321-42, see pp. 322-3.

6 See Rupert Shepherd, ‘Magnificence in Renaissance Philosophy’, in Marco Sgarbi (ed.), Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_232-2 (accessed 01/09/2020).

7 Vanderjagt, ‘Practicing Nobility’, pp. 333-6.

8 However, see Hanno Wijsman, ‘Northern Renaissance? Burgundy and Europe in the Fifteenth Century’, in Alex Lee, Pierre Péporté and Harry Schnitker (ed.), Renaissance? Perceptions of Continuity and Discontinuity in Europe, c.1300–c.1550 (Leiden, 2010), pp. 269-88, especially pp. 272-80.

9 Ibid., p. 286.

10 Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, ‘L’art au service de la persuasion politique: les cérémonies italiennes et bourguignonnes au XVe siècle’, in Luisa Secchi-Tarugi (ed.), Rapporti e scambi tra umanesimo italiano ed umanesimo europeo (Milan, 2001), pp. 109-20, see pp. 110 and 120.

11 Ralph Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France (Geneva, 1960); Ralph Giesey, ‘Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials’, in János M. Bak (ed.), Coronations. Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 35-45.

12 Renate Prochno, Die Kartause von Champmol: Grablege der burgundischen Herzöge 1364–1477 (Berlin, 2002), p. 121; Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres. La mort et les funérailles des princes dans le royaume de France au Bas Moyen Âge (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 2005), pp. 260-1; Hans Cools, ‘Uitvaarten als intredes: De scenografie van de successie bij aristocratische begrafenissen in de Bourgondisch-Habsburgse landen en de jonge Republiek’, in Mario Damen and Louis Sicking (eds), Bourgondië voorbij. De Nederlanden 1250–1650 (Hilversum, 2010), pp. 193-206, pp. 196-7; Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony, p. 137.

13 Wim Blockmans, ‘“Crisme de leze magesté”. Les idées politiques de Charles le Temeraire’, in Jean-Marie Duvosquel, Jacques Nazet and André Vanrie (eds), Les Pays-Bas bourguignons. Histoire et institutions. Mélanges André Uyttebrouck (Brussels, 1996), pp. 71-81; Werner Paravicini, ‘“Mon souverain seigneur”’, in Peter Hoppenbrouwers, Antheun Janse and Robert Stein (eds), Power and Persuasion: Essays on the Art of State Building in Honour of W.P. Blockmans (Turnhout, 2010), pp. 27-48, see p. 30.

14 Vanderjagt, ‘Practicing Nobility’, pp. 332, 334-6.

15 Giesey, ‘Inaugural Aspects’, p. 38. See also Ernst Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, 1957), pp. 328-30.

16 Ralph Giesey, ‘Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials’, pp. 40-2. A useful historiographical survey of rituals of possession is Jennifer Mara DeSilva, ‘Taking Possession: Rituals, Space, and Authority’, Royal Studies Journal 3 (2016), pp. 1-17.

17 Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies; see also Ralph Giesey, ‘Inaugural Aspects’, pp. 38-9; idem, The Royal Funeral Ceremony, p. 42.

18 Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 (Oxford, 2^nd edn, 1997), pp. 250-3.

19 Vanderjagt, ‘Practicing Nobility’, p. xxx. Vanderjagt goes a step further by comparing Charles’s political beliefs to Louis XIV’s statement ‘L’état, c’est moi’, ibid., p. 336.

20 Éric Bousmar and Hans Cools, ‘Le corps du prince dans les anciens Pays-Bas, de l’état bourguignon à la Révolte (XIVe–XVIe siècles)’, Micrologus, vol. 22 (2014), pp. 253-95, see pp. 270-2, 294-5.

21 For the suitability of this term for fifteenth-century states, see John Watts, The Making of Polities: Europe 1300–1500 (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 376-9. See also p. 69.

22 Andrew Brown, ‘Ritual and State Building: Ceremonies in Late-Medieval Bruges’, in Jacoba Van Leeuwen (ed.), Symbolic Communication in Late Medieval Towns (Leuven, 2006), pp. 1-28; idem, ‘Bruges and the Burgundian “Theatre-State”: Charles the Bold and Our Lady of the Snow’, History 84 (1999), pp. 573-89; Andrew Brown and Graeme Small, Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries (Manchester and New York, 2007), pp. 33-4; Graeme Small, ‘When Indiciaires meet Rederijkers: A Contribution to the History of the Burgundian “Theatre State”’, in Johan Oosterman (ed.), Stad van koopmanschap en vrede: Literatuur in Brugge tussen Middeleeuwen en Rederijkerstijd (Leuven, 2005), pp. 133-61, pp. 152-3; Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies: espace public et communication symbolique dans les villes des Pays-Bas bourguignons (XIV^e–XV^e siècles) (Turnhout, 2004), pp. 231, 324, 302-3, 327-8; eadem, Le Royaume inachevé des ducs de Bourgogne (XIV^e–XV^e siècles) (Paris, 2016), p. 23.

23 Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, pp. 231-2. See Max Weber, ‘The Three Types of Legitimate Rule’, transl. Hans Gerth, Berkeley Publications in Society and Institutions, vol. 4 (1958), pp. 1-11.

24 Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, pp. 231-2.

25 Ibid., p. 232.

26 The most detailed analysis of the event is Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 117-21, but see also Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 260-2. The following four paragraphs are based on Prochno’s analysis with corrections and additions. The primary source Prochno relies on is a contemporary account of the events in Archives départementales de la Côte-d’Or [hereafter ADCO,], B310, transcribed in Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 255-9. However, there are other sources to draw from. One is an account of expenditures in Archives départmentales du Nord [hereafter ADN], Lille, B2064, fols 218-232v, transcribed in Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 355-64. There are also three accounts from chroniclers: Joseph Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Œuvres de Georges Chastelain (Brussels, 1863-6), vol. V, pp. 232-5; Jacques du Clercq, ‘Les Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq’, in J. A. Buchon (ed.), Chroniques d'Enguerrand de Monstrelet (Paris, 1826-7), vol. XV, pp. 140-5; and Dits die Excellente Chronijcke van Vlaenderen (Antwerp, 1531), fol. 130r, transcribed in Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren, URL: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_dit004dits01_01/_dit004dits01_01_0122.php (accessed 21/07/2020). A modern Dutch translation is Corrie de Haan and J. B. Oostermann (eds), Is Brugge groot? (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 43-4, available at the Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren, URL: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_bru002brug01_01/_bru002brug01_01_0002.php (Accessed 21/07/2020). A very brief description of Philip’s 1467 funeral is also given by Jean de Haynin, see R.H.G. Chalon, Les mémoires de messire Jean, seigneur de Haynin et de Louvegnies, 1465–1477 (Mons, 1842), vol. I, pp. 79-80.

27 Prochno, p. 117.

28 Ibid., p. 117.

29 Ibid., pp. 117-18.

30 Ibid., p. 117.

31 Prochno claims they came before citing paragraph 15 of ADCO B310, eadem, Die Kartause, pp. 117, 257. This is supported also by paragraph 18 (‘apres les gens d’eglise vindrent par belle ordonnance deux a deux tous lesdiz officiers petiz et grans dudit hostel’); and paragraph 21, which list these officers ‘apres les gens d’eglise’. But in contradiction to these statements is the next paragraph, number 22: ‘apres lesdiz officiers portans le dueil comme dit est estoient les quatre eveques en pontifficaulx qui sont cy dessus declairez, acompaignez de gens d’eglise revetuz ainsi qu’il appartient.’ The next paragraph then states that after the clergy came the officiers d’armes who lead the coffin. I cannot explain this seeming contradiction.

32 Contra Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 117, see paragraph 16 of ADCO B310 (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 257).

33 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 118.

34 Ibid., p. 118.

35 Ibid., p. 118, noted as golden in ADCO B310 paragraph 25 (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 258).

36 On the information here and the previous three sentences, ibid., p. 118.

37 Ibid., p. 118.

38 Ibid., pp. 118-19.

39 Prochno claims this was in the choir, eadem, Die Kartause, p. 118. But ADCO B310 suggests it was in the oratory, ibid. fol. 5v (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 258). Jacques du Clercq confirms this, idem, ‘Les Mémoires’, p. 144.

40 ADN, B2064, fols 224v-225r (Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, p. 362, also see ibid., p. 137). Also see Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 118.

41 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 119.

42 ADN, B2064, fols 223v-223r (Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, p. 360-1).

43 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 119.

44 Ibid., p. 119.

45 Du Clercq, ‘Les mémoires’, p. 145.

46 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 119.

47 ‘qui [Philip’s Master of the Horse] tenoit ladicte espee poincte contre terre mist icelle espee de son long couchee et baisant la croix lacquelle incontinant fut relevee par l’esquier d’escuirie de Monseigneur le duc Charles, nommé Roichequin lequel s’en vint devant lui au dep(ar)tir dela et la leva droicte tout ainsi que l‘on la souloit porter devant monseigneur le pere quant il vivoit.’ ADCO, B310, fol. 7v (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 259). I cannot find any evidence that the sword was handed over to Charles, as Prochno states in eadem, Die Kartause, p. 119.

48 ‘ … que a esté deliberé par monseigneur le duc Charles’, ibid., fol. 1r (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 256).

49 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 120.

50 Bertrand Schnerb, ‘Les funérailles de Jean sans Peur’, Annales de Bourgogne 54 (1982), pp. 122-34; Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 116-7.

51 Schnerb, ‘Les funérailles’, pp. 129-34.

52 ADN, B1602, fol. 97v (Schnerb, ‘Les funérailles’, p. 130).

53 ‘et defens expressement qu’il n’y ait aut(re) luminaire ne autres solempnitez de chevaulx, fors seulement de messes et d’oroisons’. ADCO, B30911 (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 348).

54 Ibid. (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 348).

55 ADCO, B11673, fol. 200v (Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 239-40).

56 Argument of Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 240.

57 Opinion of Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 114-15, and of Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, ‘Les dévotions princières à la fin du Moyen Âge: les testaments des ducs de Bourgogne et de leur famille (1386–1477)’, Revue du Nord 354 (2004), pp. 7-23, at paragraphs 19 and 37, accessible at Cairn.info, URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-du-nord-2004-1-page-7.htm# (accessed 20/07/2020).

58 Archives municipales de Dijon [hereafter AMD], B146, fol. 51r; Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 120-1; Bertrand Schnerb, L’État bourguignon 1363–1477 (Paris, 1999), p. 140.

59 Schnerb, L’État bourguignon, pp. 75-8; Joseph Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Oeuvres de Froissart (Brussels, 1871), vol. IX, pp. 11-18; Archives Générales du Royaume, Brussels, ms. no. 100, fols 4r-7v, transcribed in A. G. B. Schayes, ‘Description des Obsèques de Louis de Male, Comte de Flandre, en 1383’, Messager des sciences et des arts de la Belgique (Ghent, 1838), pp. 299-307; Bibliothèque nationale de France [hereafter BnF], ms. no. 8380, in M. Van Praet, Recherches sur Louis de Bruges, seigneur de la Gruthuyse (Paris, 1831), pp. 257-9.

60 Schayes, ‘Description des Obsèques’, pp. 304-6; Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Oeuvres de Froissart, vol. IX, pp. 13-16; BnF, ms. fr. 2799, fol. 291v-292r. On the history of pièces d’honneur see Malcolm Vale, The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380 (Oxford, 2001), pp. 241-4.

61 Schayes, ‘Description des Obsèques’, p. 304; Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Oeuvres de Froissart, vol. IX, pp. 13-14; BnF, ms. fr. 2799, fol. 291v.

62 Schnerb, L’;État bourguignon, pp. 75-8.

63 Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 114-16.

64 Geraardsbergen, Oudenaarde, Courtrai, Lille, Douai, Saint-Quentin, Neuchâtel-sur-Aisne, Troyes, Bar-sur-Seine, Châtillon-sur-Seine and Saint Seine-L’Abbaye.

65 ADCO, B1538, fol. 244r (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 269). See also the receipt given for these drapes by Jacques Rapondi in ADCO, B310.

66 ‘ … ghedeputeirden van den andren steden’, L. Gilliodts-Van Severen, Inventaire des archives de la ville de Bruges (Bruges, 1871–1885), vol. III, p. 469.

67 Schnerb, ‘Les funérailles’, p. 127.

68 Ibid., p. 128.

69 ‘jusques a ce que mondit seigneur son fils eust temps propice de le faire porter et conduire ez chartreux de Dijon selon la voulenté dudt seigneur tr(es)passé’, ADCO B310, fols 6v-7r (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 258). On Philip’s wish to be buried at the Charterhouse of Champmol, see Guade-Ferragu, ‘Les dévotions princières’, paragraph 9.

70 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 119, footnote 80; ADCO B310, fol. 7r (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 259).

71 ADCO B310, fols 6v-7r (Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 258). The most extensive study on this ceremony is Werner Paravicini, ‘Theatre of Death. The Transfer of the Remnants of Philip the Good and Isabel of Portugal to Dijon, November 1473–February 1474’, in Karl-Heinz Spieß and Immo Warntjes (eds), Death at Court (Weisbaden, 2012), pp. 33-115. See also Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 233-4 and Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 120-1.

72 Paravicini, ‘Theatre of Death’, pp. 42-3.

73 Ibid., p. 40.

74 Ibid., p. 47.

75 Wim Blockmans, ‘Alternatives to Monarchical Centralisation: The Great Tradition of Revolt in Flanders and Brabant’, in Helmut Königsberger (ed.), Republiken und Republikanismus im Europa der frühen Neuzeit (Munich, 1988), pp. 145-54; idem, ‘La répression de révoltes urbaines comme méthode de centralisation dans les Pays-Bas bourguignons’, Publication du Centre européen d’études bourguignonnes 28 (1998), pp. 5-9; Robert Stein, Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380–1480 (Oxford, 2017), p. 174.

76 On the trend, see Guade-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 266-67, 348.

77 Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony, p. 137. Also see Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, p. 266.

78 Paravicini, ‘“Mon souverain seigneur”’, p. 30.

79 Ibid., pp. 28-9, 44, 47.

80 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 120.

81 See Bousmar and Cools, ‘Le corps du prince’, p. 259; Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, pp. 123, 146-7.

82 Jesse D. Hurlbut, ‘Processions in Burgundy: Late Medieval Ceremonial Entries’, in Herman du Toit (ed.), Pageants and Processions: Images and Idiom as Spectacle (Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009), pp. 93-104, see p. 101.

83 Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony, pp. 68, 134; and Barbara Muriel, ‘Coronation Sword and Scabbard of the Kings of France’, URL: https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/coronation-sword-and-scabbard-kings-france# (accessed 25/05/2020).

84 Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony, pp. 45, 134.

85 Prochno, Die Kartause, pp. 119-20.

86 See the Musée de l’Armée’s webpage dedicated to the fifteenth-century Épée d’un connétable de France, inventory number 2013.0.1196, URL: https://basedescollections.musee-armee.fr/ark:/66008/201301196.locale=fr (accessed 22/06/2020).

87 Giesey, ‘Inaugural aspects’, pp. 37-8.

88 Elisa Ruiz García, ‘Aspectos representativos en el ceremonial de unas exequias reales (a. 1504–1516)’, En la España Medieval 26 (2003), pp. 263-94, pp. 269-76; Barbara Haggh, ‘Singing for the Most Noble Souls: Funerals and Memorials for the Burgundian and Habsburg Dynasties in Dijon and Brussels as Models for the Funeral of Philip the Fair in 1507’, in Stefan Gasch and Birgit Lodes (eds), Tod in Musik und Kultur. Zum 500. Todestag Philipp des Schönen (Tutzing, 2007), pp. 57-85; Friedrich Edelmayer, ‘Die Leichenfeiern für Ferdinand den Katholischen in den Niederlanden (1516)’, in Lothar Kolmer (ed.), Der Tod des Mächtigen: Kult und Kultur des Todes spätmittelalterlicher Herrscher (Paderborn, 1997), pp. 229-45; Cools, ‘Uitvaarten als intredes’, pp. 197-8.

89 Jean Lemaire des Belges, La pompe funeralle des obseques du seu Roy dom Phelippes, filz unique de l’empereur Maximilian Cesar Auguste (Antwerp, 1508), fol. CIIv; Adriaan van Meerbeeck, Theatre funebre, ou sont representéez les funerailles de plusieurs princes, et la vie, trespas, et magnifiques obseques de Albert le Pie (Brussels, 1622), p. 54; Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, Collection Salazar y Castro, Libro manuscrito de protocolos de reyes de armas, ms. 9/678, extract transcribed in Ruiz Garcia ‘Aspectos representativos’, pp. 285-6.

90 María José del Río Barreda, ‘Felipe II y la configuración del sistema ceremonial de la monarquía católica’, in José Martínez Millán (ed.), Felipe II (1527–1598): Europa y la monarquía católica (Madrid, 1998) vol. II, pp. 677-704, pp. 677-8.

91 ‘ceste espée vous est donnée de Dieu’. See Lemaire des Belges, La pompe funeralle fol. CIIv; Van Meerbeeck, Theatre funebre, p. 54. That there was a sacred nature of the Castilian monarchy is argued for by José Manuel Nieto Soria, Fundamentos ideológicos del poder real en Castilla (siglos XIII–XVI) (Madrid, 1988), pp. 49-109.

92 Elizabeth A. R. Brown, ‘Order and Disorder in the Life and Death of Anne of Bretagne’, in Cynthia Jane Brown (ed.), The Cultural and Political Legacy of Anne de Bretagne: Negotiating Convention in Books and Documents (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 177-92, pp. 182-3. Although the register of the Parlement of Paris records that only a few heralds managed the cry due to being ‘half dead’ (‘semimortuij’) by this point in the ceremony, ibid., p. 183.

93 Giesey, ‘Inaugural Aspects’, pp. 38-9.

94 Ibid., pp. 39-40.

95 Stein, Magnanimous Dukes, pp. 179-80.

96 Ibid., pp. 179-80.

97 On the following events, see Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Œuvres de Georges Chastelain, vol. V, pp. 395-7.

98 ‘fit porter l’espée devant luy tout ainsi comme le prince du pays’, ibid., vol. V, p. 395.

99 ‘s’en indigna contre luy et le porta à très-aigre’; ‘le contempna en son ayr et tourna son couer envers lui en toute froidesse, jurant Saint-George qu’il remonstreroit son oultrage’, ibid., vol. V, p. 396.

100 ‘et n’oublia pas de parler du royaume de Bourgoingne que ceulx de France ont long temps adsurpé et d’icelluy fait duchié que tous les subjects doivent bien avoir a regret’ AMD, L413, fol. 203r, quoted in Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 120.

101 Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 230-1.

102 Military ordinance of Charles the Bold, 1475, British Library, London, Add. MS 36619, fol. 5r. Digitised by the British Library, URL: https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=28858 (accessed 22/06/2020).

103 Paravicini, ‘Le parchemin de Montpellier’, pp. 312, 324, 353.

104 Stein, Magnanimous Dukes, p. 180; Petra Ehm, Burgund und das Reich: Spätmittelalterliche Außenpolitik am Beispiel der Regierung Karls des Kühnen (1465-1477) (Munich, 2002), pp. 117-97.

105 Paravicini, ‘Theatre of Death’, pp. 54-5.

106 Ibid., pp. 55-6.

107 Ibid., pp. 50-2; Guade-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, pp. 230-1.

108 Paravicini, ‘Theatre of Death’, pp. 51-2; Gaude-Ferragu, D’or et de cendres, p. 234.

109 Ehm, Burgund und das Reich, pp. 198-9.

110 Lemaire des Belges, La pompe funeralle, fol. CIIv; van Meerbeeck, Theatre funebre, p. 54. The sword was called a ‘sword of honour’ at the funeral of Isabella of Castile, see Ruiz García ‘Aspectos representativos’, pp. 285-6.

111 Stefan Huygebaert, ‘The Sword, between Symbol and Judicial Practice’, in Stefan Huygebaert et al. (eds), The Art of Law: Three Centuries of Justice Depicted (Bruges, 2016), pp. 163-6.

112 Werner Paravicini, ‘Le parchemin de Montpellier, une image troublante du règne de Charles le Téméraire’, Journal des savants 2 (2010), pp. 307-70, see pp. 347-55.

113 Andrew Murray, ‘The Montpellier Parchment and the Signature of Iustitia’, Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 94 (2019), pp. 301-23, at p. 315. Note that this figure does not seem to be Charles the Bold himself, Paravicini, ‘Le parchemin de Montpellier’, pp. 332-7.

114 Murray, ‘The Montpellier Parchment’, pp. 316-18.

115 Maria Golubeva, Models of Political Competence: The Evolution of Political Norms in the Works of Burgundian and Habsburg Court Historians, c. 1470–1700 (Leiden, 2013), p. 42.

116 Catherine Emerson, Olivier de La Marche and the Rhetoric of Fifteenth-Century Historiography (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 216-17.

117 Gerard Loyet, Reliquary of Charles the Bold (with St. George), 1467–71, Cathedral of Liège.

118 See Lisa Demets, ‘Charles the Bold at the Battlefield of Nancy from the Excellent Chronicle of Flanders’, in Pierre Terjanian, Andrea Bayer and Adam B. Brandow (eds), The Last Knight: The Art, Armor and Ambition of Maximilian I (New York, 2019), pp. 68-9; and The Morgan Library, ms 435, fol. 352v, URL: http://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/page/21/112315 (accessed 24/07/2020).

119 Dumolyn, ‘Justice, Equity and the Common Good: The State Ideology of the Councillors of the Burgundian Dukes’, in Jonathan Boulton and Jan Veenstra (eds), The Ideology of Burgundy: The Promotion of National Consciousness, 1364-1565 (Leiden, 2006), pp. 1-20, at pp. 7-10, Golubeva, Models of Political Competence, p. 42.

120 Paravicini, ‘Le parchemin de Montpellier’, pp. 347-55.

121 ‘Là se tint deux, trois heures, selon la multitude des requestes, souvent toutesfois à grand tannance des assis, mais souffrir en convenoit.’ Georges Chastelain, cited in Paravicini, ‘Le parchemin de Montpellier’, p. 350.

122 Prochno, Die Kartause, p. 119.

123 ‘Ende daer was grote droufheyt bedreuen, als wel redene was, want hy een vroom ende eerlic prinche gheweist hadde, ende langhe gheregneirt hadde.’ Dits die Excellente Chronijcke van Vlaenderen, fol. 130r. On the complex authorship of this text, see Lisa Demets, ‘The Late Medieval Manuscript Transmission of the Excellente Cronike van Vlaenderen in Urban Flanders’, The Medieval Low Countries 3 (2016), pp. 123-73, see pp. 132-3, 135. Lisa Demets has pointed out to me that though De Roovere is the author of this section, surviving earlier manuscripts do not include mention of Philip’s virtues. Douai, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 1110, fols 253r-253v reads ‘ende daer was groote droufhede bedreven, alst recht was’ and Bruges, Openbare Bibliotheek, Ms. 437, fol. 321v only mentions the burial. It could be that the printed edition offered more praise to Philip or that the section praising him is from a lost manuscript.

124 ‘qui toutes diverses guerres en l’environ de nous et en dedans de nous-mesmes avez ramené en estat tranquille; … nourri le paix et union en vos peuples; donné siége à justice et à marchandise, et à tranquille repaire voie et cours’. Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Œuvres de Georges Chastelain, vol. V, p. 233. My translation has relied on the modern French version in Danielle Régnier-Bohler (ed.), Splendeurs de la cour de Bourgogne: récits et chroniques (Paris, 1995), p. 905.

125 ‘Quant vint à mectre le corps en terre, n’est homme qui sceut dire la grande pitié des pleurs des officiers et autres illecq present; à verité dire chacun pooit et debvoit plourer qui estoir subjet au duc; car ils perdoient ce jour ung prince le plus renommé qui fus rust la terre des chrestiens, plein de largesse, plein d’honneur, plein de hardiesse et valliance, et brief, rempli de moult nobles vertus, lesquel avoit touts ses pays gardé en paix, à la poincte de l’espée, envers touts et contre touts, sans en rien espargner son corps’. Du Clercq, ‘Les Mémoires’, pp. 144-5.

126 On the phenomenon of mourning as a form of acclamation in Burgundy, see Élodie Lecuppre-Desjardin, ‘L’histoire de la principauté de Bourgogne en chansons: une propagande bien orchestrée’, in Laurent Hablot and Laurent Vissière (eds), Les paysages sonores: Du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance (Rennes, 2016), pp. 125-142, URL: https://books.openedition.org/pur/47096 (accessed 23/07/2020), see paragraphs 13-25; also see Andrew Murray, ‘Political Emotion in the Mourners of Philip the Bold’s Tomb’, in Philipp Ekardt, Frank Fehrenbach and Cornelia Zumbusch (eds), Politische Emotionen in den Künsten (Hamburg, 2020), pp. 25-42.

127 Kervyn de Lettenhove (ed.), Œuvres de Georges Chastelain, vol. XII, pp. 237-80; Noël Dupire (ed.), Les faictz et dictz de Jean Molinet (Paris, 1936-1939), vol. I, pp.36-58; Antoine Leroux de Lincy (ed.), Chants historiques et populaires (Paris, 1857), pp. 146-50; idem (ed.), Recueil de chants historiques français, depuis le XIIe jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle (Geneva, 1841–2), vol. I, pp. 363-7.

128 Dumolyn, ‘Justice, Equity and the Common Good’, pp. 8-10.

129 ADCO B16, fol. 160v, translated into modern French in Schnerb, L’État bourguignon, p. 232.

130 Brown and Small, Court and Civic Society, pp. 33-4; Brown, ‘Ritual and State Building’, pp. 9-13, 27; Lecuppre-Desjardin, La ville des cérémonies, pp. 327-8; Small, ‘When Indiciaires meet Rederijkers’, pp. 138, 144, 153.

131 On Watts’s use of the term ‘regnal’, see note 21 above.

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ANDREW MURRAY

Andrew Murray

Dr Andrew Murray is a lecturer at the Open University, UK. He researches how authority — cultural, legal and political — is manifested in visual culture, paying particular attention to the representation and performance of emotions and virtues. Recent publications include ‘Political Emotion in the Mourners of Philip the Bold’s Tomb’, in Philipp Ekardt, Frank Fehrenbach and Cornelia Zumbusch (eds), Politische Emotionen in den Künsten (2020); ‘Rebellion, Dialogue and the Use of the “Common Good” in Philip the Bold’s Ordinances’, Publications du Centre Européen d’Études Bourguignonnes 60 (2020); and ‘The Montpellier Parchment and the Signature of Iustitia’, Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis 94 (2019).