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Articles

Questioning care cultivated through connecting with more-than-human communities

Questionnement des soins développés à travers les liens avec les communautés plus qu’humaines

Cuestionando el cuidado creado mediante la conexión con comunidades más-que- humanas

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Pages 253-274 | Received 15 Oct 2015, Accepted 01 Dec 2016, Published online: 13 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

This paper challenges the proposition that connecting with nature through direct encounters with nonhumans promotes ethical regard for them. It probes the limits of more-than-human ethics founded on personal encounters which struggle to cross distance and difference. I consider how personal engagement influences ethical perspectives and attend to processes by which care for nonhumans is learnt. Empirical research in community gardens reveals diverse relationships with nonhumans and underlines the importance of attending to qualities of relating. I propose typologies for thinking through more-than-human relationships, organising them according to degree of care. The research finds limits to gardening’s potential to promote more care-full relations with others, with care limited by the prevalence of instrumental relationships with nonhumans. Learning to care for nonhumans requires a sense of connection to combine with disconnection gained through reflection, setting specific encounters within the context of more extensive relations and their power dynamics. More important than encounters teaching care for specific nonhuman dependents are those promoting understanding of the interdependent nature of more-than-human communities, and that stimulate reflection on the cumulative impact of a human tendency to forget this.

Résumé

Cet article teste la proposition que se relier à la nature grâce au contact direct avec les non humains encourage le respect éthique pour eux. Il sonde les limites de l’éthique du non humain fondée sur les rencontres personnelles qui ont du mal à combler la distance et la différence. J’étudie comment l’engagement personnel influence les perspectives éthiques et me préoccupe des processus à travers lesquels le respect pour le non humain s’apprend. La recherche empirique dans les jardins communautaires révèle des rapports variés avec les non humains et souligne l’importance de s’intéresser aux qualités des liens. Je propose des typologies pour réfléchir aux relations plus qu’humaines, en les organisant selon le degré des soins. La recherche trouve des limites au potentiel du jardinage de promouvoir des relations plus attentionnées avec les autres, les soins étant limités par la prévalence de relations instrumentales avec les non humains. Apprendre à s’occuper des non humains demande un sentiment de connexion pour s’allier à la coupure obtenue par la réflexion, plaçant des rencontres spécifiques au sein du contexte de relations plus approfondies et de leur dynamique du pouvoir. Plus importantes que les rencontres qui enseignent le respect pour des dépendants non humains spécifiques sont celles qui promeuvent une compréhension de la nature interdépendante des communautés non humaines et qui stimulent une réflexion sur les conséquences cumulatives de la tendance humaine à oublier cela.

Resumen

Este artículo desafía la proposición de que la conexión con la naturaleza a través de encuentros directos con los no-humanos promueve consideración ética por ellos. Examina los límites de la ética más-que-humana fundada en encuentros personales que luchan por cruzar la distancia y la diferencia. Se considera cómo el compromiso personal influye en las perspectivas éticas y atiende a los procesos mediante los cuales se aprende sobre el cuidado de los no-humanos. La investigación empírica en jardines comunitarios revela diversas relaciones con los no-humanos y subraya la importancia de prestar atención a las cualidades de relacionarse. Se proponen tipologías para pensar a través de relaciones más-que-humanas, las cuales están organizadas según el grado de cuidado. La investigación encuentra límites al potencial de la jardinería para promover relaciones más cuidadosas con los demás, con un cuidado limitado por la prevalencia de las relaciones instrumentales con los no-humanos. Aprender a cuidar a los no-humanos requiere un sentido de conexión para combinarse con la desconexión obtenida a través de la reflexión, estableciendo encuentros específicos dentro del contexto de relaciones más extensas y su dinámica de poder. Más importante que los encuentros que enseñan a cuidar a dependientes no-humanos específicos son aquellos que promueven la comprensión de la naturaleza interdependiente de comunidades más-que-humanas y que estimulan la reflexión sobre el impacto acumulativo de la tendencia humana a olvidar esto.

Acknowledgements

The research on which this paper is based was funded by Cardiff University President’s Scholarships. Many thanks to all who participated in the research for generosity with their time and friendship, and to the journal referees for their insights.

Notes

1. I employ a broad definition of community gardeners in line with that used by practitioners (e.g. American Community Garden Association). They are places where a group of people grow plants together.

2. Ethnographic fieldwork (2011–2013) entailed regular participant observation plus semi-structured interviews with 32 staff, volunteers and stakeholders. Interview transcripts and field notes were analysed thematically using NVIVO software; analysis considered similarities and differences between the gardens, and between participants across the sites.

3. Permaculture is a philosophy for environmentally sustainable design strongly associated with gardening which promotes self-sufficient systems which maintain an ecosystem’s interdependent relationships (Holmgren, Citation2002).

4. That is not to say that nonhumans are never killed; death is perhaps unavoidable when species interact (van Dooren, Citation2014; Head, Atchison, & Phillips, Citation2015).

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