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Articles

What’s in a name? Children of migrants, national belonging and the politics of naming

¿Qué hay en un nombre? Hijos de migrantes, pertenencia nacional y la política del nombramiento

¿Qué hay en un nombre? Hijos de migrantes, pertenencia nacional y la política del nombramiento

Pages 1078-1096 | Received 03 Apr 2020, Accepted 09 Dec 2020, Published online: 10 Mar 2021
 

ABSTRACT

As Western societies experience a ‘transition to diversity’ spurred by international migration, an enduring question is how this transition impacts on the nation and its symbolic borders. The article addresses this question by adopting an original analytical lens, what I call the ‘politics of naming’, i.e. the agonistic tensions around naming practices between the majority society and children of migrants. Focusing on the case of Italy, the article identifies three main discursive practices: the embracement by children of migrants of the names ascribed to them by the majority society as a way to claim social visibility and citizenship rights; the rewriting of ascribed social categories (e.g., ‘second generation’) as a way to rewrite the boundaries of national belonging; the rejection of these interpellations for more plural identities. The findings suggest, on the one hand, the persistence of an ethno-racial bias which continues to inform the nation in the age of diversity and, on the other hand, an attempt by the children of migrants to re-imagine the nation along cultural (rather than ethno-racial) lines. It is by more closely attending to this tension that the impact of the transition to diversity on the nation can be revealed.

Resumen

A medida que las sociedades occidentales experimentan una “transición a la diversidad“, impulsada por la migración internacional, una pregunta permanente es cómo impacta esta transición en la nación y sus fronteras simbólicas. El artículo aborda esta cuestión adoptando una perspectiva analítica original, lo que yo llamo la “política del nombramiento”, es decir, las tensiones contenciosas en torno a las prácticas del nombramiento entre la sociedad mayoritaria y los hijos de migrantes. Centrándose en el caso de Italia, el artículo identifica tres principales prácticas discursivas: la aceptación por parte de los hijos de los migrantes de los nombres que les atribuye la sociedad mayoritaria como una forma de reclamar visibilidad social y derechos de ciudadanía; la reescritura de las categorías sociales adscritas (por ejemplo, ”segunda generación”) como una forma de reescribir los límites de la pertenencia nacional; el rechazo de estas interpelaciones por identidades más plurales. Los hallazgos sugieren, por un lado, la persistencia de un sesgo etno-racial que continúa informando a la nación en la era de la diversidad y, por otro lado, un intento de los hijos de los migrantes de re-imaginar la nación siguiendo líneas culturales (en lugar de etno-raciales). Es al prestar más atención a esta tensión que se puede revelar el impacto de la transición a la diversidad en la nación.

Résumé

Dans une période où les sociétés occidentales connaissent une « transition vers la diversité », découlant des migrations à l’échelle internationale, une question persiste : comment cette transition impacte-t-elle sur les nations et leurs frontières symboliques ? Mon article aborde cette question, du point de vue d’une perspective analytique originale que j’appelle « la politique du choix de nom », ou entre d’autres termes les tensions agonistiques entre le groupe dominant de la société et les enfants de migrants autour des pratiques concernant les noms que l’on donne aux individus. En étudiant l’exemple de l’Italie, l’article identifie trois pratiques discursives : les enfants de migrants adoptent les noms que le groupe dominant leur donne afin de réclamer une visibilité sociale et des droits à la nationalité ; ils réinventent les catégories sociales déterminées (par exemple, « la deuxième génération ») pour redéfinir les limites de l’appartenance nationale ; ils rejettent ces dénominations pour des identités plus mixtes. Les résultats suggèrent, d’une part, la persistance de préjugés ethniques et raciaux qui continuent à façonner la nation dans cette époque de diversité et, d’autre part, une tentative des enfants de migrants de ré-imaginer la nation en fonction de la culture (plutôt que d’une perspective ethnique et raciale). C’est en prêtant une attention particulière à cette tension que l’impact de la transition vers la diversité sur la nation peut être révélé.

Acknowledgments

The data collection would have not been possible without the help of Silvia Camilotti, Lorenzo Mari, Stefano Pasta, Valeria Pecorelli, and Sonia Pozzi. Thank you to Vallu Sivamohan for his comments on an earlier draft.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Piazza Pulita, La7, 20 April 2015: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxiA1PLU98w (Accessed 05/12/2019).

2. The present article uses the term ‘name’ rather than ‘category’, ‘label’ or other terms, as participants explicitly talked about which collective ‘name’ (nome) should be used to identify them.

3. The term ‘children of migrants’ here does not refer to the age of the participants but their condition of being offspring of migrants.

4. Nation should be here understood first and foremost as an ‘imagined community’ (Anderson, Citation1983), although in other parts of the article its institutional operationalisation in terms of national citizenship is also discussed.

5. In the case of online data, anonymization was not needed, as every participant used a pseudonym.

7. In-person interview, Milan, 12/07/2015.

8. In-person interview, Milan, 20/10/2015.

10. ReteG2 http://www.secondegenerazioni.it/2007/12/05/nuovi-italiani-o-new-italy/ (Accessed 05/12/2019). Comments to this post are no longer available on the web.

11. Post no longer available on the web.

12. In-person interview, Milan, 12/12/2015.

13. Post no longer available on the web.

14. In-person interview, Milan, 08/01/2016.

15. See note 8.

16. See note 2.

17. Skype interview, Milan, 20/07/2016.

18. Skype interview, Rome, 15/07/2016.

19. Post no longer available on the web.

20. This might be because in Italy, contrary to the United Kingdom, there is not the predominance of Muslim countries among the countries of origin of the foreign-born population.

21. See note 10.

22. Skype interview, Florence, 19/07/2016.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions [PCIG13-GA-2013-618470] and European Commission under Grant PCIG13-GA-2013-618470.

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