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Articles

Absorbents, practices, and infrastructures: Changing socio-material landscapes of menstrual waste in Lilongwe, Malawi

Absorbentes, prácticas e infraestructuras: cambios en los paisajes sociomateriales de los desechos menstruales en Lilongwe, Malawi

Protections intimes, pratiques et infrastructures: les panoramas sociaux et matériels changeants des déchets menstruels à Lilongwe, au Malawi

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Pages 1057-1077 | Received 03 Aug 2019, Accepted 11 Jan 2021, Published online: 20 Mar 2021
 

ABSTRACT

In contexts of limited access to urban infrastructures and restrictive cultural norms, managing menstrual waste has important sustainability implications and complicates the menstrual experiences of women. However menstrual waste management has remained largely under-researched. To address this research and policy-practice gap we combine postcolonial and African feminist scholarship with social practice theory to explore the socio-materialities of menstrual waste management in a global South context. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Lilongwe we provide a practice-based account of the different strategies followed by women to handle menstrual waste in a changing socio-material context (including changing absorbents, infrastructures, meanings, and interventions). We demonstrate that interventions normalising new types of disposable and reusable absorbents have not incorporated considerations for the implications related to reuse-disposal of new products. Such approaches pass on the responsibility for managing menstrual waste to women and leave them with no ‘right’ solution as they deal with the unequal infrastructural legacies in the city. We conclude by setting an agenda for research and policy: one that posits that the socio-environmental challenges presented by menstrual waste can be better accounted for by making the needs and desires of women central to the planning of water, sanitation and solid waste services.

Resumen

En contextos de acceso limitado a infraestructuras urbanas y normas culturales restrictivas, la gestión de los desechos menstruales tiene importantes implicaciones para la sostenibilidad y complica las experiencias menstruales de las mujeres. Sin embargo, el manejo de los desechos menstruales ha sido poco investigado. Para abordar esta brecha de investigación y de política, combinamos la erudición feminista africana y poscolonial con la teoría de la práctica social para explorar las sociomaterialidades de la gestión de los desechos menstruales en un contexto del Sur global. Basándonos en la investigación etnográfica realizada en Lilongwe, Malawi, proporcionamos un relato basado en la práctica de las diferentes estrategias seguidas por las mujeres para manejar los desechos menstruales en un contexto socio-material cambiante (incluidos los absorbentes, las infraestructuras, los significados y las intervenciones cambiantes). Demostramos que las intervenciones que normalizan nuevos tipos de absorbentes desechables y reutilizables no han incorporado consideraciones sobre las implicaciones relacionadas con la reutilización-eliminación de nuevos productos. Estos enfoques transfieren la responsabilidad de la gestión de los desechos menstruales a las mujeres y las dejan sin una solución ‘correcta’, ya que se ocupan de los legados de infraestructura desiguales en la ciudad (es decir, segregadas socioespacialmente, masculinistas). Concluimos estableciendo una agenda para la investigación y la política: una que postula que los desafíos socioambientales que presentan los desechos menstruales se pueden explicar mejor al hacer que las necesidades y los deseos de las mujeres sean centrales en la planificación de las intervenciones de agua, saneamiento y desechos sólidos, infraestructuras y servicios.

Résumé

Dans des contextes d’accès limité aux infrastructures urbaines et de normes culturelles restrictives, la gestion des déchets menstruels a des implications importantes pour la durabilité et complique les expériences de cycle menstruel pour les femmes. Néanmoins, il y a eu jusqu’à maintenant très peu de recherches sur la gestion des déchets menstruels. Afin d’aborder ces recherches et cette lacune en pratique de politique, nous avons associé les études féministes africaines et postcoloniales avec la théorie pratique sociale dans le but d’explorer les matérialités sociales de la gestion des déchets menstruels dans le contexte mondial du Sud. En nous appuyant sur des recherches ethnographiques faites à Lilongwe, au Malawi, nous offrons une description fondée sur la pratique de diverses stratégies qu’utilisent les femmes pour traiter les déchets menstruels dans un contexte social et matériel changeant (avec notamment des évolutions pour les protections intimes, les infrastructures, les significations et les interventions). Nous démontrons que les interventions qui normalisent les nouveaux types de protections intimes jetables et réutilisables n’ont pas pris en compte les implications concernant la réutilisation ou l’élimination de nouveaux produits. Ces approches passent la responsabilité de la gestion des déchets menstruels aux femmes et les laissent sans aucune solution « correcte », car elles font face à un héritage d’infrastructures inégal à travers la ville (par exemple, des ségrégations sociales et spatiales, du masculinisme). Nous concluons en définissant un programme de recherche et de politique, qui propose que les obstacles sociaux et environnementaux présentés par les déchets menstruels peuvent être mieux pris en compte si l’on met les besoins et les souhaits des femmes au cœur de la planification des interventions, des infrastructures et des services des eaux, de l’assainissement et de l’évacuation des déchets solides.

Acknowledgments

This study is part of the PhD project of the first author, funded by the Sustainable Consumption Institute at the University of Manchester and supervised by Dr Alison Browne (main supervisor) and Dr Deljana Iossifova (co-supervisor). We thank participants in the study for their willingness to share their time and personal experiences. We are thankful to our field assistants Mr Charles Mkula, Ms Emmie Ngosi and Ms Diana Nkomba. The project builds on two earlier research projects conducted in Lilongwe in which the first author collaborated: INHAbIT Cities and UNHIDE. The authors would also thank anonymous reviewers and Deljana Iossifova and Maria Rusca for their thoughtful comments and suggestions on the development of this piece. The first author received funding from the Fran Trust Foundation to present an earlier version of this paper at the 2018 RGS-IBG Conference.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors

Notes

1. We acknowledge that not only, and not all, women menstruate. However, through the paper we refer to ‘women’ instead of ‘people who menstruate’ to align with the vocabulary of MHM.

2. Counsellors are an informal social institution that connects with the Chewa tradition of the Anamkhungwi, a female instructor for girls’ initiation rituals (Kaspin, Citation1996). As explained by participants, in urban areas young girls who reach puberty are provided with sexual education including on menstrual hygiene practices by senior women.

3. See acknowledgments.

4. Participants used the word Kusamba, usually translated as bathing. The local practice of bathing entails the use of water buckets that are scooped and poured on the body.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Sustainable Consumption Institute, University of Manchester [PhD studentship].

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