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Research Articles

‘The city’s other face’: Postsecular feminism and the creation of sacred space by women in Kurdish Turkey

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Pages 1224-1241 | Received 22 Nov 2019, Accepted 05 Nov 2021, Published online: 13 Mar 2022
 

ABSTRACT

Geographers have examined how sacred spaces are made spiritually meaningful through embodied practice. This paper brings together scholarship on post-secular feminism and geographies of religion to develop a theory of non-subversive power in the sacred space literature. This paper demonstrates how Kurdish women create sacred space through embodied Islamic mystical practices in Kurdish Turkey and how these practices carve out a space for creative existence within and alongside state and masculinist systems of power, not against. Using a post-secular feminist framing and building on conversations of power in the sacred space literature, we show how the formation of sacred space forms the feminine subject and constitutes an act of feminine agency. Specifically, we focus on two material and sacred sites: private communal prayer houses and public tomb sites used for communal petitions. In these spaces, women organize and lead collective and embodied meditations and petitions that centre their desires, concerns, and wishes in a common register to create, following Saba Mahmood, a ‘politics in unusual places’.

Résumé

Los geógrafos han examinado cómo los espacios sagrados se vuelven espiritualmente significativos a través de la práctica. Este artículo reúne estudios sobre el feminismo post-secular y las geografías de la religión para desarrollar una teoría del poder no subversiva en la literatura del espacio sagrado. Este artículo demuestra cómo las mujeres kurdas crean un espacio sagrado a través de prácticas místicas islámicas incorporadas en la Turquía kurda y cómo estas prácticas crean un espacio para la existencia creativa dentro y junto a los sistemas de poder estatales y masculinos, no en contra. Usando un marco de referencia feminista post-secular y construyendo sobre conversaciones de poder en la literatura del espacio sagrado, mostramos cómo la construcción del espacio sagrado da forma al sujeto femenino y constituye un acto de agencia femenina. Específicamente, nos centramos en dos sitios materiales y sagrados: las casas privadas de oración comunales y las tumbas públicas utilizadas para las peticiones comunales. En estos espacios, las mujeres colectivamente organizan y dirigen meditaciones y peticiones consagradas que enfocan sus anhelos, preocupaciones y deseos en un registro común para crear, siguiendo a Saba Mahmood, una ‘política en lugares inusuales’.

Les géographes ont étudié la manière dont la signification spirituelle des lieux sacrés est créée par le biais de pratiques concrètes. Cet article réunit la recherche sur le féminisme post-séculier et la géographie de la religion pour développer une théorie du pouvoir non subversif dans les études sur les espaces sacrés. Il démontre comment les femmes kurdes créent des espaces sacrés au travers des pratiques mystiques concrètes de la religion islamique dans le Kurdistan turc, et comment ces dernières forgent une place pour l’existence créatrice à la fois au sein et en parallèle des systèmes étatiques et masculinistes du pouvoir, plutôt qu’à leur encontre. Nous nous servons d’un cadrage féministe post-séculier et nous nous appuyons sur des dialogues concernant le pouvoir dans les études sur les lieux sacrés pour montrer comment la formation de ces derniers façonne le sujet féminin et constitue un acte d’agentivité féminine. Nous nous concentrons plus précisément sur deux endroits matériels et sacrés: les centres de prière communautaires privés et les tombes publiques utilisées pour les requêtes communautaires. Dans ces lieux, les femmes organisent et mènent des méditations et des pétitions collectives et concrètes qui centrent leurs désirs, leurs soucis et leurs souhaits dans un registre commun pour créer, selon Saba Mahmood, une « politiques dans des lieux inhabituels ».

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Dr. Ahmet Erkol, Dr. Lindsay Naylor, and Dr. Kerri Jean Ormerod for their helpful reviews of this paper. Thank you also to the anonymous reviewers who honed the focus and meaning of this paper. Finally, we wish to thank our friends in Amed who generously participated in this research.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Ages are not exact. Many births of rural-born women were not registered with the state. A date is decided upon by the family when the need arises to apply for state identification. Among our participants, exact age was of little importance and often unknown. The passage of time was often explained in relation to seasons, such as with summer distinguished as a period of months in which women and families move to the fields to work.

2. Throughout the paper, honorifics are used to refer to research participants. Abla [‘sister’], teyze [‘aunt’], hanim [‘Ms.’] are titles of respect and indicate one’s approximate age, familial position, and gender.

3. Çavuş means ‘sergeant’ in Turkish. It is a military designation that is also designates individuals elected by a Sheikh for their spiritual maturity to guide the spiritual growth of Tarikat members. The word also refer to ‘carrying the news’ or one who takes care of business.

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