![Sample our Area Studies journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5922/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Area-Studies.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Since 1990, Mongolia has encountered serious economic and social problems. The transition from authoritarian socialism to a free-market economy has proven to be difficult and somewhat chaotic. The collapse of the old system of pastoral organization and the closing of many industries has resulted in unemployment, a high level of poverty, and an increase in alcoholism. Women, who had received benefits from the socialist government in the forms of maternal rest homes and child welfare allowances and worked as teachers, doctors, and government officials, faced new burdens. Some of the benefits were rescinded, and fewer women were elected to the Parliament. They also faced a rising level of domestic violence from unemployed male spouses or partners. The government did not enact a Law to Combat Domestic Violence until 2004, and the law proved to be ineffective because it did not criminalize domestic violence and did not train police officers to deal with such abuses. After considerable efforts by several female legislators, a new Domestic Violence Law was enacted in 2017, which criminalized domestic violence and provided training for police officers. However, during the pandemic, cases of domestic violence apparently increased, and it remains to be seen whether the 2017 law will be effective.
Notes
2 Over the past few years, several books have appeared on the roles of Mongol women at the time of the Mongol empire. See di Nicola (Citation2017); Broadbridge (Citation2018). For the Mongols in China, see Birge (Citation2017).
3 For additional details about Sorghaghtani and Chabi, see Rossabi (Citation1979).
4 On Mongolia’s alleged Sinophobia, see Billé (Citation2016).
5 For considerably more detail, see Rossabi (Citation2005).
6 See Parcesepe et al. (Citation2015, Citation2011).
7 See Gillespie (Citation1998).
8 See “Mongolia’s new wealth and rising corruption tearing the country apart,” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/ … mongolias-new-wealth-rising-corruption.
9 See Dierkes and Jargalsaikhan (Citation2018); Menard and Sambuu (Citation2019).
10 See Briller (Citation1997).
11 See Bacon (Citation2004).
12 See Edwards (Citation2017).
13 See Mary Rossabi, The Writings of Andre Simukov (2021).
14 See Zeldin (Citation2017).
15 See Griffiths (Citation2017).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Morris Rossabi
Morris Rossabi (Ph.D., Columbia University) teaches Chinese and Mongolian History in New York City. Author or Editor of 27 books, including Modern Mongolia; Khubilai Khan; and Voyager from Xanadu, he has taken part in exhibitions of Mongolian art at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco and of art in the Mongol Empire at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 2009, the National University of Mongolia awarded him an honorary doctorate.