Identity Formation in Gibraltar: Geopolitical, Historical and Cultural Factors

Abstract

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Notes

1. For a summary of British Gibraltar's early history, see P. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (London: Routledge 2005) pp. 6–14. For more extensive histories, on which this summary is based, see G. Hills, Rock of Contention (London: Robert Hale, 1974); W. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses 1987); M. Harvey, Gibraltar (Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount 1996).

2. For the full text of Article X of the Treaty, together with an exploration of its meaning, see Hills (note 1) pp. 222–225. There was no reference in the Treaty to the isthmus that joins the ‘Rock’ to the rest of the peninsula and Spain has always treated Britain's occupation of the isthmus, on which the airport is sited, as a separate dispute.

3. Hills (note 1) pp. 227–236.

4. Since the establishment of political parties in Gibraltar in the 1940s there has never been an independence party. By contrast there has been an Integration with Britain Party, whose leader Robert Peliza held the post of Chief Minister from 1969–1972. See Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) p. 97.

5. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) p. 7. With two interruptions, Britain held possession of Minorca until the island was finally returned to Spain permanently under the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.

6. Harvey (note 1) p. 119.

7. See Figure 8.

8. Jackson (note 1) p. 245.

9. Harvey (note 1) p. 129.

10. Hills (note 1) pp. 386–387, 402.

11. Ibid., p. 400.

12. Harvey (note 1) pp. 145–152.

13. Ibid., p. 147.

14. Hills (note 1) p. 420.

15. Jackson (note 1) pp. 277–278.

16. Harvey (note 1) p. 160.

17. Ibid., pp. 159–162.

18. Ibid., (note 1) p. 160.

19. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) p. 16.

20. D. Morris and R. Haigh, Britain, Spain and Gibraltar 1945–90 (London: Routledge 1992) p. 16.

21. Yearbook of the United Nations (1964) pp. 424–425, available at <http://unyearbook.un.org/>.

22. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) pp. 16–18.

23. Ibid., pp. 19–20. For the text of the Constitution see <http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/constitution/gib_constitution.pdf>, accessed 10 Sept. 2008.

24. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) p. 20.

25. Ibid., pp. 60–61. For the text of the Brussels Declaration, see Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1), Appendix 3, p. 341.

26. P. Gold, ‘The Tripartite Forum of Dialogue: Is this the Solution to the ‘Problem’ of Gibraltar?’, Mediterranean Politics 14/1 (2009) p. 80.

27. See, for example, Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish (note 1) pp. 154–155, 161–64, 173–174, 201–204, 208–212.

28. P. Gold, ‘Sovereignty Negotiations and Gibraltar's Military Facilities: How Two ‘Red-Line’ Issues Became Three’, Diplomacy and Statecraft 15/2 (2004) pp. 375–384.

29. The Guardian, 10 May 2002.

30. Gold, ‘Sovereignty Negotiations’ (note 28) pp. 379–381.

31. Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish (note 1) p. 316.

32. Gibraltar Chronicle, 27 July 2002.

33. Daily Telegraph, 13 Feb. 2003.

34. Cortes Generales, Diario de sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados, 27 Sept. 2006, No. 203: 10159, available at <http://www.congreso.es>, translated and quoted in Gold, ‘The Tripartite Forum of Dialogue’ (note 26) p. 88.

35. Partnership for Progress and Prosperity: Britain and the Overseas Territories (HMSO, Cmnd 4264), March 1999, available at <http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf3/fco_pdf_overseasterritories17>, accessed 18 Sept. 2008.

36. For the text of the 2006 Constitution, see Hansard, 27 March 2006, Cols 44–46WS, available at <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060327/wmstext/60327m02.htm>, accessed 10 Sept. 2008. The new Constitution retains the commitment by Britain to Gibraltar contained in the Preamble to the 1967 Constitution (see note 23 above).

37. See Gold, ‘The Tripartite Forum of Dialogue’ (note 26) pp. 87–88.

38. The survey was conducted in 2000 and the results originally published in International Journal of Iberian Studies 14/2 (2001) pp. 68–79 (copyright of original article held by Intellect). References to the age-groups of respondents should therefore be referred back to that date. Unfortunately it has not been possible to conduct a more recent survey in time for the publication of this article.

39. E. G. Archer, Gibraltar, Identity and Empire (London: Routledge 2006) p. 43.

40. The standard work on the demography of Gibraltar is H. W. Howes's work, The Gibraltarian. The Origin and Evolution of the People of Gibraltar, first published in 1951. The data here is from Archer (note 39) pp. 34–50. Archer based his analysis on the 19,000 names in the Gibraltar Register of Electors for 1995, together with any other reliable evidence he could muster (oral and written), to identify some 2,005 different family names by nationality.

41. For the text of the Act see <http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1962-13o.pdf>, accessed 18 Sept. 2008.

42. According to M. G. Moyer (quoted in Archer [note 39] pp. 111–112), this is especially true of the ‘middle class’.

43. El País, 3 Nov. 2002, translated and quoted in Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (note 1) p. 328.

44. See, for example, R. J. C. Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell 2001); and L. Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction (New York: Columbia University Press 1998).

45. By the same token the local language ‘Llanito’ differs from the post-colonial theorists’ ‘linguistic hybridity’ in that it is as much a cross-border hybrid language (similar to Spanglish or Tex-Mex in North America) rather than a straightforward colonised-colonising mixture. For a thorough study of language in Gibraltar, including ‘Llanito’, see Anja Kellermann, A New New English: Language, Politics and Identity in Gibraltar (Heidelberg: HSSK 2001).

46. K. Meethan, ‘Mobile Cultures? Hybridity, Tourism and Cultural Change’, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 1/1 (2003) p. 20, available at <http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jtc/001/0011/jtc0010011.pdf>, accessed 10 Oct. 2008.

47. BBC News Online, 14 March 2002, quoted in Gold, Gibraltar: British or Spanish (note 1) p. 327.