National and gender identity perceptions among female football players in Israel

Abstract

This article attempts to expose the practices that form gender identity among female football players in the Israeli context, with a focus on the relation between gender and nationalism. This exposure will concentrate on the processes shaping gender identity from the beginning of the female football player's career as a professional athlete, and on the significance female football players attribute to their occupation in a field of sports that is perceived as masculine. In this context, the encounter of women in (and on) the field will be examined in terms of how it is conducted and experienced. Moreover, the article also analyses the ways in which women organize bases of power and rewards in the face of the sports establishments and organizations in Israel and within of the private sector.

Notes

1. Ben‐Porat, Football and Nationalism; Burdsey, ‘Contested Conceptions of Identity’.

2. Jarvie, ‘Nationalism and Cultural Identity’, 25.

3. Parker, ‘Sporting Masculinities’.

4. Ben‐Porat, ‘Gender and Sport’; Bryson, ‘Sport and the Maintenance of Masculine Hegemony’; Mean, ‘Identity and Discursive Practice’; Parker, ‘Sporting Masculinities’.

5. Mean, ‘Identity and Discursive Practice’.

6. Sabo, ‘Psychosocial Impacts of Athletic Participation on American Women’; Willis, ‘Women in Sport in Ideology.

7. Hobsbawm, ‘The Nation as Invented Tradition’.

8. Nagel, ‘Masculinity and Nationalism’.

9. Kimmerling, ‘Patterns of Militarism in Israel’.

10. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’.

11. Bryson, ‘Sport and the Maintenance of Masculine Hegemony’; Mean, ‘Identity and Discursive Practice’.

12. Mean, ‘Identity and Discursive Practice’; Willis, ‘Women in Sport in Ideology’.

13. Messner, ‘The Meaning of Success’.

14. Sabo, ‘Psychosocial Impacts of Athletic Participation on American Women’; Willis, ‘Women in Sport in Ideology’.

15. Eitzen, ‘Sport is Expressive’.

16. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’.

17. Bryson, ‘Sport and the Maintenance of Masculine Hegemony’.

18. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’.

19. Birke and Vines, ‘A Sporting Chance’.

20. Ibid.; Griffin, ‘Changing the Game’.

21. Caudwell, ‘Football in the UK’, 100.

22. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’.

23. Caudwell, ‘Football in the UK’.

24. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’; Eitzen, ‘Sport is Expressive’.

25. Sabo, ‘Psychosocial Impacts of Athletic Participation on American Women’.

26. Birke and Vines, ‘A Sporting Chance’.

27. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’; Krane et al., ‘Living the Paradox’.

28. Bordo, Unbearable Weight.

29. Clasen, ‘The Female Athlete’.

30. Smith, Myths and Memories of the Nation.

31. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Hobsbawm, ‘The Nation as Invented Tradition’.

32. Ben‐Porat, Football and Nationalism.

33. Mean, ‘Identity and Discursive Practice’.

34. Kuper, Football against the Enemy.

35. Ben‐Porat, Football and Nationalism.

36. Connell, ‘Debates about Men’.

37. Shafir and Peled, ‘Citizenship and Stratification’.

38. Sorek, ‘Palestinian Sports in Historical Perspective’.

39. Bernstein and Galily, ‘Games and Sets’.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Devault, ‘Talking and Listening from Women's Standpoint’.

43. Silverman, Interpreting Qualitative Data.

44. Smith, Myths and Memories of the Nation.

45. Connell, ‘Debates About Men’.

46. Sasson‐Levy, ‘Masculinity as Protest’.

47. Thompson, ‘Nations, National Identities and Human Agency’.

48. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780.

49. Ben‐Porat, Football and Nationalism.

50. Birke and Vines, ‘A Sporting Chance’.

51. Sasson‐Levy, ‘Feminism and Military Gender Practices’, ‘Masculinity as Protest’.

52. Willis, ‘Women in Sport in Ideology’.

53. Clasen, ‘The Female Athlete’

54. Bordo, Unbearable Weight.

55. Ibid.

56. Clasen, ‘The Female Athlete’

57. Hartman, ‘Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex’.

58. Acker, ‘Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies’.

59. Coakley, ‘Gender and Sports’.

60. Sorek, ‘Palestinian Sports in Historical Perspective’.

61. Huizinga, Homo Ludens.