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Original Articles

‘A hideously difficult country’: British propaganda to France in the early Cold War

Pages 153-169 | Received 15 Apr 2012, Accepted 11 Oct 2012, Published online: 17 Jan 2013
 

Abstract

This article examines British propaganda efforts in France in the early Cold War in the light of a developing relationship in which the senders' own strategies were to be modified and challenged. The article argues that initiatives to broadcast propaganda from Britain into France via the BBC operated within a broader and developing information policy context. Broadcasting from outside the country through the BBC was supplemented with attempts by British personnel stationed in France to embed positive messages directly within the contemporary French media. By 1950 however, the British propaganda initiative seemed inappropriate and outmoded, taken over by the French themselves and by a British desire to prioritise countries outside Western Europe.

Notes

Hilary Footitt is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Languages and European Studies at the University of Reading. She has written widely on Franco-Allied relations during the Liberation, including ‘War and Liberation in France: living with the Liberators’ (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), and was Principal Investigator for the AHRC Project, ‘Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict’, led by the University of Reading, with the University of Southampton, and the Imperial War Museum, London. Correspondence to: [email protected]

 1 Nehring, H. ‘“Westernization”: a new paradigm for interpreting West European History in a Cold War context’. Cold War History 4, no. 2 (January 2004): 175–91.

 2 National Archives, Kew (hereafter NA), FO 1110/290, Murray to Marchant, British Embassy, Paris, 31 March 1950.

 3 Soutou, G-H. ‘France’, in The origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives, ed. D. Reynolds, 96–120 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994).

 4 Hitchcock, W. France restored. Cold War Diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe, 1944–54. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 203.

 5 Lee, J. M. ‘British cultural diplomacy and the Cold War: 1946–61’. Diplomacy and Statecraft 9, no. 1 (March 1998): 112–34.

 6 ‘Cinderella in Downing Street’, Economist, 8 May 1954.

 7 Vaughan, J. R. ‘A certain idea of Britain: British cultural diplomacy in the Middle East, 1945–57’. Contemporary British History 19, no. 1 (June 2005): 151–68.

 8 NA, FO 1110/38, Murray to Stapleton, 14 May 1948.

 9 Webb, A. ‘Auntie goes to war again: the BBC External Services, the Foreign Office and the early Cold War’. Media History 12, no. 2 (2006): 117–32; Defty, A. Britain, America and anti-communist propaganda, 1945–53: the Information Research Department. London: Routledge, 2004.

10 Quoted in Richardson, C. From Churchill's Secret Circle to the BBC. The biography of Lt. General Sir Ian Jacob (London: Brassey's, 1991), 220.

11 Defty, Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, 43; Lashmar, P., and J. Oliver. Britain's secret propaganda war (Gloucester: Sutton Publishing, 1998).

12 NA FO 371/59957, Cooper to Harvey, 22 January 1946.

13 See for example, Defty, Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, 44.

14 Young, J. W. Britain, France and the Unity of Europe, 1945–51 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1984, 36, 37).

15 NA FO 371/56885, Russia Committee Meeting, 30 April 1946.

16 NA FO 924/535, British Council memo on its work in Europe up to May 1946.

17 NA, FO1110/16,‘Broadcasting and the new policy’, 17 February, 1948.

18 NA FO 1110/38, Murray to Stapleton, 15 June 1948, amending minute of Inter-Service Committees on propaganda dissemination meeting 4 May 1948.

19 NA FO 1110/38, Murray to Stapleton, 14 May 1948.

20 NA FO 1110/38, Warner to Brook, 6 April 1948.

21 NA FO 1110/6, Murray, ‘Broadcasting and the new policy’, 17 February 1948.

22 Webb, ‘Auntie goes to war again’, 126.

23 Churchill Archives, Cambridge, Papers of Sir Ian Jacob, JACB II 8/3, The European Service of the BBC, London: BBC, 4049, foreword, September 1949.

24 Churchill Archives, Cambridge, Newsome Papers, NERI 1/1/3, Daily Directives, 8 July 1943.

25 Churchill Archives, Cambridge, Newsome Papers, NERI 6/1, memo D. Gillie, 18 August 1943.

26 Churchill Archives, Newsome Papers, NERI 3/10, ‘History of the European Service during the War’, Ritchie.

27 Churchill Archives, Cambridge, Newsome Papers, NERI, 6/1, ‘ Projection of Britain to France’, 23 July 1942; Gillie memo, 18 August 1943.

28 Catherine Van Nypelseer, ‘La Guerre des Ondes’, Banc Public, 147, février 2006, www.bancpublic.be/PAGES/147guerredesondes.html, accessed 20 December 2011. For BBC broadcasting to France in the war period, see for example, Luneau, A. Radio Londres 1940–44. Les Voix de la Liberté (Paris: Editions Perrin, 2005).

29 29. NA FO 1110/104, Comment on Leger to Furlong, 17 December 1948.

30 Webb, A., London calling: BBC External Services, Whitehall and the Cold War, 1944–57, Phd. thesis, Queen Mary College, University of London 2009.

31 NA FO 1110/3, Tennant to Murray, 9 July 1948.

32 NA FO 1110/46 Tennant to Murray, 12 April 1948.

33 NA FO 1110/16, Jacob to Warner, 26 April 1948; Warner to Jacob, 6 May 1948.

34 Calkins, L. M. ‘Patrolling the Ether: US-UK Open Source Intelligence Cooperation and the BBC's emergence as an Intelligence Agency, 1939–1948’. Intelligence and National Security 26, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–22. See also, Goodman, M. ‘British intelligence and the British Broadcasting Corporation. A snapshot of a happy marriage’, in Spinning Intelligence. Why the media needs Intelligence, eds. Robert Dover and Michael Goodman, 117–32. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.

35 NA FO 1110/16,’ Murray, ‘Broadcasting and the new policy’, 17 February 1948.

36 NA FO 1110/16, Warner to Jacob, 6 May 1948; Jacob to Warner, 28 May 1948.

37 NA FO 1110/3, Minute of Meeting Warner, Woolyrych, Tennant and Murray, 22 March 1948.

38 NA FO 1110/3, Embassy to Bevin, 9 March 1948.

39 NA FO 1110/38, Tennant to FO, 30 March 1948.

40 NA FO 1110/38, Tennant to FO, 30 March 1948.

41 NA FO 1110/38, Harvey to Kirkpatrick, 15 November 1948.

42 NA FO 1110/38, Harvey to Kirkpatrick, 17 November 1948.

43 NA FO 953/608, Summary report on information work in France, October-December 1948.

44 NA FO 953/608, Summary report on information work in France, October-December 1948.

45 NA FO 1110/3, Embassy to Bevin, 9 March 1948.

46 Eck, H. ‘La Radiodiffusion Française durant l'année 1947: la fin des espérances’, in L'année 1947, eds. S. Berstein and P. Milza, 437–45. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 2000.

47 Brochand, C. Histoire Générale de la Radio et de la Télévision en France, (Tome II. Paris: la Documentation Francaise, 1994), 601.

48 NA FO 1110/75, British Consul General, Marseille, report on IRD publication distribution, 19 June 1948.

49 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report, December 1947.

50 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report, December 1947.

51 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report on information work, 30 June 1948.

52 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report on information work, April-June 1948.

53 Brochand, Histoire Générale de la Radio et de la Télévision en France, 341, 342. Translation by author.

54 NA FO 953/608, Summary report on information work in France, October—December 1948.

55 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report on information work, July-September 1948.

56 NA FO 953/608, Summary report on information work in France, October-December 1948; FO 953/424, Quarterly report on information work, April-June 1948.

57 NA FO 953/424, Quarterly report on information work, December 1947.

58 NA FO1110/303, Harvey to Warner, 28 January 1950.

59 NA FO 1110/303, comment on Harvey to Warner, 5 February 1950.

60 NA FO1110/290, Murray to Marchant, British Embassy, Paris, 31 March 1950.

61 NA FO 1110/290, Marchant to Murray, 13 April 1950.

62 NA FO 1110/290, Conference of Principal Information Officers, Paris, 18–20 May 1950.

63 NA FO 1110/482, British Embassy, Paris to IRD, 17 July 1950.

64 NA FO 953/608, Summary report on information work in France, October-December 1948.

65 NA FO 1110/56, Bateman, 31 August 1953.

66 ‘Les Etats-Unis, les Américains et la France, 1944–53’. Sondages: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique 2 (1953): 1–82.

67 Le Monde, 31 March 1951, p. 2. Translation by author.

68 NA FO 1110/ 344, Comment on Stephen King Hall proposal, 22 July 1950.

69 NA FO 1110/290, Marchant to Murray, 13 April, 1950.

70 NA FO 1110/290, Conference of Provincial Information Officers, 18–20 May, 1950.

71 NA FO 1110/56, Bateman, 31 August 1953.

72 NA FO 1110/290, Murray to Hayter, 29 June 1950.

73 NA FO 1110/290, Murray to Hayter, 29 June 1950; Marchant to Murray, 8 August 1950.

74 Quoted in Brochand, Histoire Générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 66. Translation by author.

75 Quoted in Brochand, Histoire Générale de la radio et de la télévision en France, 66, 67. Translation by author.

76 NA Cab 130/75, Cabinet Committee of Enquiry into the Overseas Information Services, 11 July 1952 Report, p. 20.

77 NA Cab 130/98, Summary of the Report of the Independent Committee of Enquiry into the Overseas Information Services, Cmd. 9138, April, 1954.

78 Written BBC Archives Caversham (hereafter WAC), E2/325/1, Jacob to Dudley, 14 October 1948.

79 NA Cab 130/98, Views of the Treasury, 27 April 1954.

80 NA FO 1110/438, Provincial Officers' reports, 21 November 1951.

81 NA Cab 130/98, BBC broadcasts to Western Europe, 27 April 1954.

82 WAC, R1/90/1, Report by Director of External Broadcasting, 1954.

83 NA FO 953/1641, ‘ BBC External Services’, 10 April 1956.

84 Times, 14 May 1954, letter from Bob Boothby; Times, 16 July 1954, letter from Ambassador Corbin.

85 Manchester Guardian, letter from Darsie Gillie, 3 May 1954.

86 NA Cab 130/98, Eden to Maxwell Fyfe, 1 April 1954.

87 Quoted in the Economist, ‘ Cinderella in Downing Street’, 8 May 1954.

88 NA FO 1110/894, Reilly, British Embassy, Paris, 23 April, 1956.

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