Atomic Maverick: Romania's negotiations for nuclear technology, 1964–1970

Abstract

Romania's courting of Western nuclear suppliers started during the Johnson Presidency. Based on multi-archival research, this article argues that Romania's turn to the West stemmed from Moscow's reluctance to share its nuclear advances with Bucharest. It examines the strategy Romania employed to win over the United States, namely acting as a messenger between Hanoi and Washington in the Vietnam War. This article shows that Soviet pressures turned Bucharest, at least temporarily, away from Western suppliers. This research adds to our understanding of Romania's political manoeuvring in the 1960s while also throwing light on the Washington's and Moscow's stances on proliferation.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Roham Alvandi, Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, Anne Deighton, Radu Dudău, Mauro Elli, Louise Fawcett, Francis Gavin, Adriana Gheorghe, Eugenia Gușilov, Kai Hebel, Sven Holtsmark, Liviu Horovitz, Margaret MacMillan, Montgomery Meigs, Leopoldo Nuti, Sonja Schmid, Jennifer Sims, Liviu Tatu, and Liviu Țăranu for their support, and helpful comments on earlier drafts of this working paper. The research on which this paper is based was financed by the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies, the Graduate Scholarship at St Catherine's College, the Jenkins Memorial Fund at the University of Oxford, the Rațiu Family Foundation Fellowship, and the Leaders for Romania scholarship.

Notes

Eliza Gheorghe is a DPhil candidate in International Relations at the University of Oxford, Department of Politics and International Relations. She is a graduate scholar at St Catherine's College, University of Oxford. She specialises in Cold War history, nuclear proliferation, intelligence history, and security studies.

  1 For general accounts of Romania's foreign policy during the 1960s and 1970s, see: Deletant, ‘Taunting the Bear’, 495-507; Dragomir, ‘The perceived threat of hegemonism in Romania during the second détente’, 111-134; Harrington and Courtney, Tweaking the Nose of the Russians; 231-420; Linden, Communist States and International Change; Munteanu, ‘Communication Breakdown?’, 615-631; Munteanu, ‘When the Levee Breaks,’ 43-61; Socor, ‘The Limits of National Independence in the Soviet Bloc’, 701-732; Tismăneanu, Stalinism, 187-233.

  2 Gavin, ‘Politics, History and the Ivory Tower’, 583.

  3 Schmid, ‘Nuclear Colonization’, 130.

  4 Library of Congress, Manuscript Division [LOC MSS], Vannevar Bush Papers, Folder: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Box 21, ‘Letter from Robert Tumbleson to George T. Rose’, 30 June 1948.

  5 TRIGA is an acronym of Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics. LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Folder: Romania, Box 736, ‘Agenda’, 30 September – 2 October 1969. International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], Agreement concerning the Agency's Assistance to Romania, December 1983, INFCIRC 307, available at http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc307.pdf; Hymans, ‘Assessing North Korean Intentions and Capacities’, 275-276.

  6 NARA, AAD, RG 59, CFPF, Telegram from Henry Kissinger to the US Embassy in Ottawa, 3 February 1976; Open Society Archive, Socor, Soviet-Romanian Programs, 18 November 1985.

  7 Matthew Kroenig notes that the IAEA estimates that 8 kg of plutonium and 25 kg of weapons-grade highly enriched uranium are sufficient for the construction of a nuclear device; Kroenig, Exporting the Bomb, 11-12.

  8 CANDU stands for Canada Deuterium Uranium, a type of pressurised heavy water reactor which uses deuterium-oxide (heavy water) as moderator and natural uranium fuel. This type of reactor was developed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL) in partnership with the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Canadian General Electric and a variety of other companies. Prior to its nuclear deal with Romania, Canada supplied Pakistan and India with reactor under aid commitments to these countries, and made unsuccessful bids to Finland and Argentina. Bratt, ‘CANDU’, 1; National Archives of Canada [NCA], Record Group [RG] 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 2, ‘Memorandum from J. Warren to Jean-Luc Pepin’, 12 November 1968.

  9 The label ‘maverick’, which numerous policy-makers in the US used to describe Ceauşescu, referred primarily to his propensity to follow his own line in foreign affairs, which meant that Romania would occasionally be at odds with the Soviet Union on international issues. This US perception emerged in the first half of the 1960s, but was accentuated by the Romanian reaction to the invasion of Czechoslovakia. CREST, CIA-RDP78-03061A000400030017-8, Rumania: The Maverick Satellite, October 1968.

 10 Hershberg, Marigold, 639.

 11 Schmid, ‘Nuclear Colonization’, 128.

 12 Yanqiong and Jifeng, ‘Analysis of Soviet Technology Transfer’, 75; Izvestia, 2 August 1957.

 13 For example, in the 1950s, the Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) established in 1956 in Măgurele, and led by Dr Horia Hulubei (a member of the Romanian Academy), was at the core of the Romanian nuclear program. Other entities were added to this institutional infrastructure, such as the Stable Isotopes Institute established in Cluj-Napoca in 1970 (as a regional branch of IFA), as well as the Institute for Nuclear Technologies in Piteşti, created in 1971 and renamed the Institute for Nuclear Energy Reactors in 1977. Purica, ‘Ionel I. Purica’, 9-10; National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives [CNSAS], D13490/5, ‘List of Organizations and Positions of Special Importance for Maintaining Secrecy within the Nuclear Program’, [undated, 1972], 26-27.

 14 Gheorghe Gaston Marin was not only a prominent politician both under Gheorghiu-Dej and Ceauşescu, but he was also an engineer by training, having studied in Grenoble. He was occasionally at odds with the other top decision-makers, such as Prime Minister Ion Gheorghe Maurer and First Deputy Prime Minister Alexandru Bîrlădeanu. Marin, În serviciul României lui Gheorghiu-Dej, 14.

 15 National Central Historical Archives [ANIC], Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party [CC RCP], Foreign Relations Section [FRS], 14/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between the Romanian Communist Party delegation, formed of Nicolae Ceauşescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union delegation, formed of Leonid Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin, Yuri Andropov, Andrei Gromyko’, 17-18 March 1967, 66.

 16 Opriş, Romania and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 514.

 17 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 113/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Arvid Ianovich Pel'she’, 7 September 1966, 12.

 18 Idem.

 19 Purica, ‘Ionel I. Purica’, 11; Sobell, The Red Market, 150.

 20 Schmid, ‘Nuclear Colonization’, 128.

 21 NARA, RG 59, Subject Numeric Files [SNF], Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US 1964, ‘Memorandum from Griffith Johnson, William Tyler to the Under Secretary’, June [unspecified] 1964; Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS] Vol. XVII, ‘Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Romania’, 16 May 1966, 414-416.

 22 Stalin's warning referred to American loans and technology. He advised the Romanian leadership to take the loans if the Americans were offering, but he asked Gheorghiu-Dej not to allow the Americans “to impose conditions on you, to damage your sovereignty.” ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 28/1946, ‘Minutes of the meeting between the leadership of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of the Soviet Union, [represented] by Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Georgy Malenkov, and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Teohari Georgescu’, 2-3 April 1946, 1-16. Later on, the same demand was made by Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor to the helm of Soviet power. ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 28/1964, ‘Minutes of the meeting of the Permanent Presidium of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers’ Party', 1964, 75, quoted in Țăranu, România în Consiliul de Ajutor Economic Reciproc, 180; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 1/1965, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Romanian Ambassador Mihail Roşianu and Soviet Ambassador Denisov’, 23 April 1965, 4.

 23 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 5/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting of the Permanent Presidium of the Central Committee [CC] of RCP’, 19 January 1966, 13; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 72/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Leonid Brezhnev’, 11 May 1966, 23-25.

 24 Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs [AFMAE], Eastern Europe, Romania, Folder 208, ‘Memorandum from Jean-Louis Pons, French Ambassador to Bucharest, to Maurice Couve de Murville, Minister of Foreign Affairs’, 8 December 1966.

 25 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 1, ‘Telegram from G.T. Leaist to R.C. Wallace’, 19 January 1967; LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, ‘Minutes of the meeting with Ambassador Corneliu Bogdan’, 11 April 1968.

 26 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 1, ‘Memorandum from G.M. Schuthe to F.M. Wanklyn’, 26 June 1967.

 27 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 1, ‘Memorandum from Belgrade to the Canadian Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs’, 27 September 1966.

 28 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum of conversation [memcon] between Sterling Cole and Llewellyn E. Thompson’, 6 April 1964.

 29 Dr Glenn T. Seaborg, the co-discoverer of plutonium, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 until 1971. Seaborg, Stemming the Tide, 497.

 30 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memcon between Sterling Cole and Llewellyn E. Thompson’, 6 April 1964.

 31 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum for Charles W. Thomas from A.A. Weils’, 5 May 1964.

 32 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Thomas C. Mann to Mr George Ball’, 8 June 1964; NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Griffith Johnson, William Tyler to the Under Secretary’, June [unspecified] 1964.

 33 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 98/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Averell Harriman’, 28 November 1967, 1-2.

 34 FRUS, XVII, ‘Memcon between Gheorghe Gaston Marin and Averell Harriman’, 18 May 1964, 392.

 35 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from John Trevithick for the file’, 15 July 1964.

 36 FRUS, XVII, ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Export Control Review Board’, 1 April 1965, 405-413.

 37 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Anthony M. Solomon to Thomas C. Mann, Nuclear Reactor for Rumania’, 6 August 1965; NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Thomas C. Mann to the President of the United States’, 11 August 1965.

 38 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Chet Holifield, John Conway, Anthony Solomon, Douglas MacArthur II, Gerald Tape, John Palfrey, Charles Thomas, John Hall, Myron Kratzer, Robert Slawson’, 30 August 1965.

 39 Idem.

 40 R. Murray, ‘Problems of Nuclear Proliferation outside Europe’, December 7, 1964, DDRS, Doc. No. CK3100281620, 1, quoted in Gavin, ‘Same As It Ever Was’, 17.

 41 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Chet Holifield, John Conway, Anthony Solomon, Douglas MacArthur II, Gerald Tape, John Palfrey, Charles Thomas, John Hall, Myron Kratzer, Robert Slawson’, 30 August 1965.

 42 ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 30/1967, ‘Report on Romania's Position on Nuclear Non-Proliferation, in response to the Draft Treaty sent by the Soviet Union’, 4 March 1967, 8-26.

 43 Selvage, The Warsaw Pact and Nuclear Nonproliferation, 18.

 44 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 14/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between the Romanian Communist Party delegation, formed of Nicolae Ceauşescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union delegation, formed of Leonid Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin, Yuri Andropov, Andrei Gromyko’, 17-18 March 1967, 66.

 45 FRUS, IX, ‘Report of the President's Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy’, undated, 473.

 46 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 6/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and US Ambassador Richard H Davis’, 31 January 1967, 5.

 47 ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 188/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Romulus Ioan Budura and Ho Tu Truc’, Top Secret, 21 December 1967, 40-50.

 48 FRUS, XVII, ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Export Control Review Board’, 1 April 1965, 406.

 49 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 187/1966, ‘Note from the Foreign Relations Section’, 10 August 1966, 21-31.

 50 ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 48/1967, ‘Note from the Ministry of the Armed Forces to Nicolae Ceauşescu’, No. 001060, Top Secret, 28 March 1967, 30-31.

 51 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 4/1965, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Emil Bodnăraş and the Chinese Ambassador to Bucharest, Liu Phan’, 28 October 1965, 227.

 52 NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Anthony M. Solomon to Thomas C. Mann, Nuclear Reactor for Rumania’, 6 August 1965; NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum from Thomas C. Mann to the President of the United States’, 11August 1965; NARA, RG 59, SNF, Box 3069, Folder: AE 1-1 Rum-US, ‘Memorandum of Conversation between Harry Jones, Price Longstreet, and Russell Arthur’, 19 January 1966.

 53 Nuti, ‘The Center-Left Government’, 259-278; Goscha and Vaïsse, La guerre du Vietnam et l'Europe; Hershberg, Marigold; Gaiduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War, 96-107; Journoud, De Gaulle et le Vietnam; Szo˝ke, ‘Delusion or Reality?’, 119-180.

 54 Romania's position on Vietnam evolved from numerous consultations with top Soviet decision-makers, who repeatedly urged the Romanians to assume the role of mediator between Washington and Hanoi. ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 9/1965, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Emil Bodnaˇraş and Mikhail Suslov’, 10 May 1965, 39-45; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 72/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Leonid Brezhnev’, 10-13 May 1966, 157. In late 1967, Ceauşescu admitted to Brezhnev that ‘our position on Vietnam is the same as yours.’ ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 101/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Leonid Brezhnev’, 14-15 December 1966, 23.

 55 The CPSU leadership told the Vietnamese Workers' Party delegation that “if necessary, negotiations could be dragged on for a long time, meanwhile the Vietnamese could strengthen their position and expose the Americans' real intentions.” ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 118/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Soviet Ambassador A.V. Basov’, 19 September 1966, 1-7; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 119/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and the Vietnamese delegation led by Le Thanh Nghi’, 21 September 1966, 13-17; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 127/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Ion Gheorghe Maurer, and Paul Niculescu Mizil and Pham Van Dong’, 3-4 October 1966, 28-29.

 56 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 127/1966, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Ion Gheorghe Maurer, and Paul Niculescu Mizil and Pham Van Dong’, 3-4 October 1966, 25.

 57 USUN New York 1777 to SecState (SECRET-NODIS), 22 October 1966, Refs: USUN's 1764 and Deptel 69440, published in Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 773-774.

 58 FRUS, IV, ‘Memcon between Acting Secretary (Under Secretary of State) Nicholas Katzenbach, Robert H. Miller, Viet-Nam Working Group and Italian Ambassador Sergio Finoaltea [sic]’, Washington, 22 October 1966, 767-769.

 59 Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 775-777.

 60 Davis also asked Ceauşescu to let Washington know what Hanoi would do if the US were to cease bombings. Ceauşescu replied that there cannot be any guarantees for a certain gesture from the North Vietnamese if the US stopped the bombings. ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 6/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and US Ambassador Richard Davis’, 31 January 1967, 5, 10, 11, 12.

 61 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 6/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and US Ambassador Richard Davis’, 31 January 1967, 11.

 62 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 14/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between the Romanian Communist Party delegation, formed of Nicolae Ceauşescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union delegation, formed of Leonid Brezhnev, Alexei Kosygin, Yuri Andropov, Andrei Gromyko’, 17-18 March 1967, 66.

 63 ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 147/1967, ‘Meeting of the Executive Committee of the RCP’, 31 October 1967, 35-40.

 64 Canadian records show that as early as January 1967 Canadian General Electric forwarded the Romanian enquiry to the Canadian branch of the heavy water company Lummus, but thought it was unlikely that the US parent of Lummus would pursue it. Later on, in March 1968, the Canadians expected fierce opposition from other Western countries on the issue of the heavy water production technology that Romania was requesting from Canada. The problem was that the government in Ottawa did not possess exclusive control over said technology. NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 1, ‘Memorandum from G.T. Leaist to R.C. Wallace’, 19 January 1967; NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 1, ‘Report on nuclear power – Romania’, 12 March 1968.

 65 Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 780.

 66 Idem, 523.

 67 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 98/1967, ‘Minutes of conversation between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Averell Harriman, Bucharest’, 28 November 1967, 4; LOC MSS, Averell Harriman Papers, Box 498, ‘Minutes of conversation between Ion Gheorghe Maurer and Averell Harriman’, 29 November 1967; Public Record Office [PRO], FCO 15/546, ‘Telegram from the British Embassy in Bucharest about Mr Averell Harriman's visit to Bucharest’, 7 December 1967.

 68 Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 802-815.

 69 AMAE, Circular Telegrams 1968, Vol. 1, ‘Bulletin of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 08/00227, sent to all Romanian missions abroad’, 10 January 1968, 37; ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 6/1968, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Hoang Tu’, 18 January 1968, 3.

 70 Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 523.

 71 AMAE, Vietnam File – Top Secret of Special Importance [SSID], ‘Minutes of the meeting between George Macovescu and Richard Davis’, 0/000132, 24 February 1968, 7.

 72 Transcript, Benjamin H. Read Oral History, Interview II, 3/70, by Paige E. Mulhollan, Internet Copy, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, quoted in Herring, The Secret Diplomacy, 523.

 73 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 82/1968, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Le Thanh Nghi’, 11 June 1968, 2-11.

 74 Hearings on East-West Trade, 27 March 1968, 214-233.

 75 FRUS, Vol. XVII, ‘Memcon between Corneliu Bogdan, John M. Leddy, Walter J. Stoessel, Jr.’, 11 April 1968, 440.

 76 Texas Tech University, Larry Berman Collection (Presidential Archive Research), Folder 13, Box 14, ‘Memorandum for the record: National Security Council Meeting of 24 April 1968 – Eastern Europe’, 26 April 1968.

 77 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1644, 20-68-Ra Pt. 2, ‘Telegram from Ritchie, Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC, to the Canadian Ministry of External Affairs’, 1 May 1968.

 78 FRUS, Vol. XVII, ‘Memcon between Alexandru Bîrlădeanu, Corneliu Bogdan, Mihai Croitoru, Dean Rusk, George R. Kaplan’, 9 July 1968, 446-448.

 79 LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, ‘Atoms in Action in Romania. A Staff Guide, Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information’, 1969.

 80 FRUS, Vol. XIII, ‘Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’, 16 October 1968, 774-775.

 81 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bulletin Board, 1; LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, [Untitled Document], 12 November 1968.

 82 Purica, ‘Ionel I. Purica’, 10.

 83 LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, [Untitled Document], 12 November 1968.

 84 LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, ‘Agenda’, 30 September - 2 October 1969, 4.

 85 Gavin, ‘Nuclear Nixon’, 127.

 86 Nixon Presidential Materials [NPM], National Security Council [NSC] Country Files, Europe, Romania, Vol. I-8/69, Box 702, ‘Intelligence Information Cable’, 17 July 1969.

 87 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 6/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and US Ambassador Richard Davis’, 31 January 1967, 5-10.

 88 NPM, NSC Files, President's Trip Files, Box 454, Romania, ‘Background on Viet-Nam’, 10 July 1969; NPM, NSC Files, Presidential/HAK MemCons, The President and President Ceauşescu, Box 1023, ‘Memcon between President Richard M. Nixon and President Nicolae Ceauşescu’, 2 August 1969; NPM, NSC Files, Presidential/HAK MemCons, The President and President Ceauşescu, Box 1023, ‘Memcon between President Richard M. Nixon and President Nicolae Ceauşescu’, 3 August 1969.

 89 LOC MSS, Glenn Seaborg Papers, Romania File, Box 736, ‘Memorandum from Julius H. Rubin to Glenn Seaborg’, 12 August 1969.

 90 FRUS, XXIX, ‘Memorandum from President Nixon to his Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)’, 7 August 1969, 458.

 91 ANIC, CC RCP, FRS, 101/1967, ‘Minutes of the meeting between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Leonid Brezhnev’, 15 December 1967, 62-63.

 92 Idem, 77-84.

 93 ANIC, CC RCP, Chancellery, 44/1970, ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Permanent Presidium of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party’, 6 April 1970, 15; CNSAS, D13490/5, ‘Note regarding some technical-economic aspects of building nuclear power plants in Romania’, 16 August 1973, 120-125.

 94 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1636, 20-68-Ra Pt. 3, ‘Telegram from Industry, Trade and Commerce office in Vienna to the Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce, Ottawa’, 25 June 1970.

 95 Idem.

 96 NCA, RG 20, Vol. 1636, 20-68-Ra Pt. 3, ‘Telegram from the Canadian Embassy in Belgrade to the Canadian Ministry for External Affairs’, 30 September 1970.

 97 Idem.

 98 CNSAS, D13490/5, ‘Note regarding some technical-economic aspects of building nuclear power plants in Romania’, 16 August 1973, 120-125.

 99 FRUS, XXIX, ‘Memorandum from the Chairman of the National Security Council Under Secretaries Committee (Richardson) to President Nixon’, 15 July 1969, 433-437.

100 NARA, AAD, RG 59, CFPF, ‘Telegram from Secretary of State to the US Embassy in Ottawa’, 3 February 1976.

101 Idem.