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ABSTRACT
This study explores the effects of social capital on the decisions of individuals in Turkey who experienced the earthquakes of February 6, 2023, to stay in the disaster area or move to another place during the recovery period. Qualitative research was conducted using an in-depth interview technique with 70 participants. The findings show that all three types of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) played a significant role in the recovery process for earthquake victims, but bonding social capital was particularly important in their relocation decisions. Additionally, this study reveals that bonding social capital acted as a buffer immediately after the earthquakes and effectively solved problems in the short term, but it was replaced by bridging and linking social capital in the medium term. Finally, negative impacts of social capital are shown to have occurred not only among immigrants but also among local people.
Acknowledgement
This article was presented as an oral presentation at the X. National Sociology Congress, September 20-22, 2023, in İstanbul.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Marshall et al., “Terrorism as Disaster,” 74.
2 AFAD, “Türkiye’de Afet,” 10.
3 Statista Research Department, “Number of Earthquakes.”
4 Aldrich and Meyer, “Social Capital and Community.”
5 Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, “Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay,” 25.
6 Olson and Drury, “Un-therapeutic Communities,” 222–23, and Olson et al., Some Buildings, 31–32.
7 Green, “Disaster by Design,” 536.
8 Ibid., 535.
9 Shahid et al., “Does Social Capital”; Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role”; and Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital.”
10 Aldrich, “The Importance”; Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role”; Aldrich and Meyer, “Social Capital and Community”; Shimada, “The Role”; and Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital.”
11 Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role.”
12 Horwich, “Economic Lessons.”
13 Tocqueville, Democracy in America.
14 Durkheim, The Division of Labour.
15 Aldrich and Meyer, “Social capital and community”, and Siisiäinen, “Two Concepts of Social.”
16 Field, Social Capital.
17 Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital”, and Bourdieu and Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.
18 Field, Social Capital.
19 Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” 21.
20 Portes, “Social Capital”, and Portes, “The Two Meanings.”
21 Tzanakis, “Social Capital in Bourdieu’s.”
22 Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, and Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation.”
23 Field, Social Capital.
24 Coleman, Foundations, 302, and Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation,” 98.
25 Tzanakis, “Social Capital in Bourdieu’s.”
26 Coleman, Foundations, and Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation.”
27 Putnam, “The Prosperous Community”; Putnam, “Social Capital and Public”; and Putnam, “Bowling Alone.”
28 Putnam, “The Prosperous Community,” 6–7.
29 Putnam, “Social Capital: Measurement”
30 Siisiäinen, “Two Concepts of Social.”
31 Allen, “Deconstructing ‘Resilience’.”
32 Uekusa, et al., “Conceptualising Disaster Social”
33 Partelow, “Social Capital and Community”; James and Paton, “Social Capital and The Cultural”; Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster”; Aldrich, “The Importance of Social”; Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role”; Aldrich, “The Externalities”; Meyer, “Social Capital in Disaster Research”; Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link”; Mathbor, “Enhancement of Community”; Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding”; and Norris et al., “Community Resilience.”
34 Donner and Rodríguez, “Population Composition”, and Hurlbert et al., “Core Networks.”
35 Woolcock, “Social Capital in Theory.”
36 Ibid., 23.
37 Ibid., 23.
38 Partelow, “Social Capital and Community”; Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link”; Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster”; Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding”; and Hurlbert et al., “Core Networks and Tie.”
39 Aldrich and Meyer, “Social Capital and Community.”
40 Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster,” and Shimada, “The Role of Social.”
41 Shaw and Goda, “From Disaster to Sustainable.”
42 Dynes and Drabek, “The Structure of Disaster.”
43 Peacock and Ragsdale, “Social Systems.”
44 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
45 Partelow, “Social Capital and Community”; Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster”; and Mathbor, “Enhancement of Community.”
46 Allen, “Deconstructing ‘Resilience,” and Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding.”
47 Aldrich, “The Importance.”
48 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
49 Islam and Walkerden, “How Bonding and Bridging.”
50 Ibid.
51 Aldrich, “The Importance,” and Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster.”
52 Panday et al., “The Role of Social Capital”; Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster”; and Mathbor, “Enhancement of Community.”
53 Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital.”
54 Joshi and Aoki, “The Role.”
55 Tse et al. “Social Capital and Disaster.”
56 Panday et al., “The Role”; James and Paton, “Social Capital and The Cultural”; and Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster.”
57 Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster.”
58 Ibid.
59 Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding.”
60 Lansford et al., “Fostering Community Resilience.”
61 Hawdon and Ryan, “Social Relations.”
62 Aldrich, “The Importance”; Aldrich, “Social Capial: Its Role”; Aldrich, “The Externalities”; and Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster.”
63 Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster.”
64 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
65 James and Paton, “Social Capital,” 21.
66 Allen, “Deconstructing ‘Resilience’.”
67 Dynes, “Cross-Cultural.”
68 Aldrich, “The Importance.”
69 Ibid.
70 Aldrich, “Social Capial: Its Role.”
71 Shimada, “The Role.”
72 Field, Social Capital, and Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster.”
73 Aldrich and Crook, “Strong Civil Society,” and Aldrich and Meyer, “Social capital and community.”
74 Ryang, “The Great Kanto.”
75 Alfirdaus et al., “Theories of Social.”
76 Panday et al., “The Role.”
77 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
78 Rahill et al., “Shelter Recovery.”
79 Ibid.
80 Bağış, “6 Şubat Depremleri.”
81 Akçakaya and Him, “Yaşlıların Sosyal Ağlarının.”
82 Çakı et al., “Balıkesir’de Aile, Yerel.”
83 HIASD, “6 Şubat.”
84 Ibid.
85 Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry, 53-81.
86 Ibid.
87 Moustakas, Phenomenological Research.
88 Putnam, “The Prosperous Community.”
89 Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role.”
90 Aldrich, “The Importance.”
91 Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role.”
92 Participant 23, Staying in Tent City, Female, 38 Years Old.
93 Participant 3, Staying in Tent City, Male, 58 Years Old.
94 Participant 4, Staying in Tent City, Male, 26 Years Old.
95 Participant 60, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male, 38 Years Old.
96 Participant 54, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male, 41 Years Old.
97 Aldrich, “The Importance”
98 Participant 33, Staying in Tent City, Female, 33 Years Old.
99 Participant 35, Staying in Tent City, Male, 31 Years Old.
100 Partelow, “Social Capital and Community.”
101 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
102 Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster.”
103 Aldrich and Meyer, “Social Capital and Community.”
104 Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding.”
105 Participant 50, Staying in Tent City, Male, 59 Years Old.
106 Participant 24, Staying in Tent City, Male, 23 Years Old.
107 Participant 58, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Female, 38 Years Old.
108 Cited in Dynes, “Cross-Cultural.”
109 Statista Research Department, “Number of Earthquakes.”
110 Participant 6, Staying in Tent City, Female, 43 Years Old.
111 Participant 7, Staying in Tent City, Female, 50 Years Old.
112 Participant 57, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Female, 46 Years Old.
113 Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link.”
114 James and Paton, “Social Capital and The Cultural.”
115 Allen, “Deconstructing ‘Resilience’.”
116 Participant 63, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male, 47 Years Old.
117 Participant 2, Staying in Tent City, Female, 37 Years Old.
118 Participant 40, Staying in Tent City, Female, 39 Years Old.
119 Dynes, “Cross-Cultural.”
120 Participant 20, Staying in Tent City, Female, 35 Years Old.
121 Participant 5, Staying in Tent City, Male, 41 Years Old.
122 Donner and Rodríguez, “Population Composition.”
123 Hurlbert, “Core Networks.”
124 Woolcock, “Social Capital in Theory.”
125 Aldrich, “The Importance.”
126 Norris et al., “Community Resilience.”
127 Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital: A Missing.”
128 Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding.”
129 Participant 16, Staying in Tent City, Female, 40 Years Old.
130 Participant 46, Staying in Tent City, Female, 56 Years Old.
131 Participant 61, Migrated Away from The Disaster Area, Male, 39 Years Old.
132 Ibid.
133 Participant 46, Staying in Tent City, Female, 56 Years Old.
134 Participant 16, Staying in Tent City, Female, 40 Years Old.
135 Partelow, “Social Capital and Community”; Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link”; Sanyal and Routray, “Social Capital for Disaster”; Islam and Walkerden, “How Bonding”; Hawkins and Maurer, “Bonding”; Mathbor, “Enhancement of Community”; Allen, “Deconstructing ‘Resilience’”; and Aldrich, “The Importance.”
136 Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital: A Missing.”
137 Participant 56, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Female, 44 Years Old.
138 Participant 11, Staying in Tent City, Male, 35 Years Old.
139 Panday et al., “The Role”; Joshi and Aoki, “The Role”; Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster”; and Nakagawa and Shaw, “Social Capital: A Missing.”
140 Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role.”
141 Panday et al., “The Role”; Bhakta Bhandari, “Social Capital in Disaster”; Masud-All-Kamal and Hassan, “The Link”; Rahill et al., “Shelter Recovery”; Aldrich and Meyer, “Social Capital and Community”; Aldrich and Crook, “Strong Civil Society”; and Ryang, “The Great Kanto.”
142 Anderson and Bjørklund, “Structural Changes.”
143 Participant 43, Staying in Tent City, Female, 55 Years Old.
144 Participant 23, Staying in Tent City, Female, 38 Years Old.
145 Participant 67, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male, 46 Years Old.
146 Participant 37, Staying in Tent City, Female, 38 Years Old.
147 Participant 10, Staying in Tent City, Male, 20 Years Old.
148 Participant 25, Staying in Tent City, Male, 40 Years Old.
149 Participant 68, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male 42 Years Old.
150 Participant 70, Migrated Away From The Disaster Area, Male, 38 Years Old.
151 Aldrich, “The Importance.”
152 Shimada, “The Role.”
153 Aldrich, “The Importance,” and Aldrich, “Social Capital: Its Role.”
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Betül Durmaz Yurt
Betül Durmaz Yurt received her Masters and PhD degree from the Department of Sociology at the Anadolu University. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Siirt University. Her research interests include health, body, religion, and disaster sociology.
Hasan Yeniçırak
Hasan Yeniçırak received his Masters and PhD degree from the Department of Sociology at Uludağ University. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Kırklareli University. His research interests include social movements, social theory, political sociology, and disaster sociology.