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Abstract
The present paper explores the derivation of an alternative nonlinear eddy viscosity formulation based on Reynolds stress anisotropy and its implementation to numerical ocean models. This formulation takes into account the vorticity in addition to the mean strain rate. The proposed formulation does not include the stability function method which is a common approach in eddy viscosity calculations used in the present state-of-the-art numerical ocean models. Instead, it depends on the second invariant of anisotropy. Initially, the performance of the formulation is checked through a simple channel flow simulation. Consequently for model calibration, an idealised experiment of mixed-layer entrainment into stably stratified flow has been simulated and compared to empirical data. For sensitivity studies related to shear and stable stratification, concept of steady-state Richardson number is applied for homogeneous shear layer. Finally, the performance of the new formulation is tested by implementing it into one-dimensional General Ocean Turbulence Model. Furthermore, a realistic oceanic test case of a storm has been investigated considering different physical processes for the Fladenground Experiment (FLEX’ 76) in the northern North Sea and the results have been compared to the measured data. The main results signify that the overall performance of the nonlinear eddy viscosity model with a different value of steady-state Richardson number is as good as the Mellor–Yamada model in terms of predictability, and the eddy viscosity and diffusivity profiles follow the principle of law of the wall. Additionally, the present formulation does not require computing the stability functions and the ease of implementation into numerical ocean models gives the present formulation an upper hand over the existing formulations in the field of turbulence modelling in oceanography.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the developers of General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM, http://www.gotm.net) for open access to the model source code and test cases with necessary data-sets. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for providing constructive comments and suggestions. The authors also acknowledge and appreciate the help and suggestions received from Dr. Hans Burchard and Mr. Georgy Gevorkov.