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RESEARCH

Adaptation financing in a global agreement: is the adaptation levy appropriate?

Pages 491-504 | Published online: 16 May 2012
 

Abstract

The climate negotiations recognize that adequate and additional funds are needed to assist adaptation in developing countries. This article analyses whether a future 2% or any higher adaptation levy (AL) can achieve this, whether it causes – as it is a tax on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – a significant excess burden, and how it alters the relation between adaptation financing and mitigation. While former studies have focused on single AL levels, this article determines the transfers from the CDM and the AL for a range of emission reduction targets and AL levels with a partial equilibrium model based on marginal abatement cost estimates for 2020. Revenues from a 2% AL are negligible and remain inadequate for ambitious emission reductions and an AL that maximizes transfers (e.g. US$15 billion for 30% reduction target). Revenues are mostly subtracted from CDM transfers, so little additional funds are raised (e.g. less than $2.4 billion for 30% reduction target). Adaptation financing increases disproportionally with more stringent reduction targets for a rising levy, and the share of Annex I country expenditures devoted to transfers increases slightly. Both effects are only small. The excess burden is larger than 85% of the additional funds.

Policy relevance

Financing adaptation in developing countries has become a cornerstone of a global climate agreement. The mechanism for raising additional funds has not yet been determined. This article assesses the potential of upscaling one option that is already in place under the Kyoto Protocol: the 2% AL on the CDM. It is estimated that even a much higher AL does not generate substantial additional funds, mainly redistributes transfers within non-Annex I countries, does so at social costs in the same order of magnitude as additional funds, and increases the share of Annex I country expenditures devoted to transfers. It is unwise to link mitigation and adaptation as CDM and AL jointly do, since this taxes a beneficial activity. Financial instruments with transfers that decrease with or are independent from climate protection would be preferable.

On reconnait à travers les négociations sur le climat la nécessité de fonds supplémentaires adéquats au soutien de l'adaptation dans les pays en développement. L'analyse faite dans ce papier demande si une future taxe d'adaptation (adaptation levy – AL) de 2% ou plus peut réaliser cela, et si elle entrainerait un coût excendentaire significatif – étant une taxe sur le mécanisme de développement propre (MDP) – et comment elle changerait la relation entre finance pour l'adaptation et finance pour la mitigation. Alors que les études antérieures étaient centrées sur des niveaux d'AL simples, ce papier détermine les transferts autour du MDP et de l'AL pour une série de cibles de réduction d’émissions et des niveaux d'AL à l'aide d'un modéle d'equilibre partiel basé sur des coûts marginaux de réduction estimés pour 2020. Les revenus avec un AL de 2% sont négligeables et demeurent inadéquats dans une optique de réduction des emissions ambitieuse, et un AL qui maximise les transferts (ex: $15 milliards pour une cible de réduction de 30%). Les revenus sont principalement soustraits aux transferts du MDP, de ce fait peu de fonds supplémentaires sont levés (ex: moins de $2.4 milliards pour une cible de réduction de 30%). La finance pour l'adaptation s'accroit de maniére disproportionnée en fonction de cibles de réduction plus strictes pour une taxe croissante, et la part des dépenses des pays de l'annexe I consacrée aux transferts s'accroît légèrement. Les deux effets sont faibles. Le coût excédentaire est supérieur à 85% des fonds supplémentaires.

Notes

In this section, a general economic analysis of an AL is presented. For a mathematical analysis, see Eisenack (Citation2011).

The author is indebted to Christoph Böhringer for providing the CGE model results.

Emission targets and MAC curves were adjusted to GHG data from UNFCCC (Citation2011a, Citation2011b) and the emission projection was taken from den Elzen et al. (Citation2011).

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