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Original Articles

Memory and meditation in Ocnos by Luis Cernuda

Pages 167-178 | Published online: 25 Jan 2010
 

Notes

 1. In a review published in the Bulletin of Spanish Studies in 1943, Aubrey Bell wrote: ‘This charming evocation of the Seville of the writer's childhood is written in thin lines of delicate prose. The tiny book … is filled with yearning suggestion, and to those who know the city well presents a substantial picture, doubly welcome in these years of isolation and turmoil’ (quoted in Cernuda Citation2003, p. 344, n. 140). In a letter to Nieves de Madariaga dated 8 July 1943, Cernuda's response was as follows: ‘[E]s curioso ver la deformación de nuestros propósitos, literarios y de otras clases, cuando los juzgan los demás. Según [Bell], Ocnos es un libro costumbrista, o poco menos, cosa que ciertamente no pensé que fuera’ (2003, p. 344). In a previous letter to Nieves de Madariaga, dated 15 December 1942, Cernuda had stated: ‘[E]s casi un alivio ver esas páginas publicadas: son o pretenden ser, un rescate de mi vida, de la vida en general’ (2003, p. 331).

 2. Due to the limits of this article, I will not discuss the contemplative role played by memory in the second and third editions of Ocnos.

 3. José Ortega y Gasset's article, ‘Oknos el soguero’, elucidates the creative struggle implied in the meaning of the title given to the prose poems: ‘Lo que Oknos laborioso trenza, el asno … lo va anulando. Representa este animal el poder destructor necesario al ritmo de la gran madre. Una creación lograda y perfecta detendría el progreso: es menester que colabore la potencia enemiga, la energía destructiva’ (quoted in Zubiaur 2002, pp. 24–25, n. 12).

 4. See also Valente (Citation1962).

 5. Cernuda also noted the likelihood of a connection between the English metaphysical poets and Spanish mystics such as San Juan de la Cruz. In a footnote at the end of his essay ‘Tres poetas clásicos’ (1941), he wrote: ‘Sería curioso relacionar nuestra poesía mística, y nuestra poesía gongorina, con el grupo de poetas metafísicos ingleses del siglo XVII: Donne, Herbert, Crashaw, Marvell, Vaughan y Traherne. ¿Existiría entre unos y otros algo más que afinidad fortuita?’ (1993–1994, vol. 2, p. 500). Having translated Marvell's ‘Definition of Love’ in 1955, he observed: ‘Es probable que algunos de los poetas metafísicos ingleses conocieran la poesía culterana y conceptista española; entre ellos Donne y Marvell, y acaso Crashaw, por lo menos, sabían español’ (1993–1994, vol. 2, p. 538).

 6. For a post-structuralist Lacanian reading of this poem and Ocnos in general, see Cardwell (Citation2005).

 7. Cernuda stressed, like Bergamín and Lorca, that the mystery of poetry should be intuited rather than explained rationally or intellectually, hence the importance accorded to the child's responses to poetry. In his 1962 essay on Gérard de Nerval, he underlines: ‘Intuir lo poético, y contagiarse de él, son operaciones que poco o nada tienen que ver con “entender”. Hay que acabar de una vez con la vulgaridad a lo Menéndez y Pelayo, que quiere “entender” la poesía. … Si algún lector se escandalizara ante lo dicho, bastará recordarle que la religión, cuya función en el hombre tiene una raíz no muy distinta de aquella de la poesía …, habla y apela … a lo que no es racional en el hombre’ (1993–1994, vol. 2, pp. 747–748).

 8. Through his study of Hölderlin, Cernuda began to use enjambements in his verse. In ‘Historial de un libro’, he notes that this led to the creation of ‘un ritmo doble, a manera de contrapunto: el del verso y el de la frase’ (1993–1994, vol. 2, p. 650). In some of his favourite poems, he claims that ‘el verso queda como ensordecido bajo el dominio del ritmo de la frase’ (1993–1994, vol. 2, p. 650). This preference for the ‘ritmo de la frase’ may help to explain his assiduous cultivation of the prose poem.

 9. It is possible to detect the same plaintive tone in ‘El destino’ and ‘Escrito en el agua’, in which Cernuda's control over the meditative discipline is less skilled than in the majority of texts in the book.

10. Cernuda's celebration of the beauty and seclusion of the magnolia tree recalls ideas contained in ‘Río vespertino’ (1993–1994, vol. 1, pp. 371–374): ‘Si la voz del poeta no es oída, / ¿Sino mejor no es para el poeta? / Del hombre aprende el hombre la palabra, / Mas el silencio sólo en Dios lo aprende’ (p. 373).

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