The European Union and Migration: Security versus Identity?

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Notes

1 S. Dalby, ‘Geopolitical Change and Contemporary Security Studies: Contextualising the Human Security Agenda’, Working Paper No.30 (Institute of International Relations: Univ. of British Columbia April 2000) p.16.

2 E. Rothschild, ‘What is Security?’ Daedalus 124/3 (Summer 1995) p.55.

3 Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Japp de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (London: Lynne Rienner 1997) p.7.

4 N. Choucri, ‘Migration and Security: Some Key Linkages’, Journal of International Affairs 56/1 (2002) p.97.

5 C. Rudolph, ‘Security and the Political Economy of International Migration’ (Institute of Governmental Studies, Univ. of California, Berkeley 2002) Paper WP2002–4, p.26.

6 W. Aniol quoted in A. Kicinger, ‘International Migration as a Non‐traditional Security Threat and the EU Responses to this Phenomenon’, Central European Forum for Migration Research Working Paper 2/2004, p.2. ⟨www.cefmr.pan.pl/docs/cefmr_wp_2004–02.pdf⟩ (accessed 18 Jan. 2006).

7 S. Léonard, ‘Studying Migration as a Security Issue: Conceptual and Methodological Challenge’, Paper for SGIR Fifth Pan‐European International Relations Conference, Netherlands Congress Centre, The Hague, 9–11 Sept. 2004, ⟨http://www.sgir.org/conference2004/papers/Leonard%20‐%20Studying%20migration%20as%20a%20security %20issue.pdf⟩ (accessed on 12 Dec. 2005). Cited with the author’s permission.

8 Steve Smith, ‘The Contested Concept of Security’ in Ken Booth (ed.), Critical Security Studies and World Politics (London: Lynne Rienner 2005) p.33.

9 T. Theiler, ‘Societal Security and Social Psychology’, Review of International Studies 29/2 (April 2003) p.250.

10 Ibid. p.251.

11 Ole Wæver, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter 1993) p.23.

12 Buzan et al. (note 3) p.23.

13 Wæver et al. (note 11) p.23.

14 Buzan et al. (note 3) p.30.

15 Theiler (note 9) p.251.

16 S. Kadelbach, ‘Union Citizenship’, Jean Monnet Working Paper (Heidelberg, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law/NY Univ. School of Law Sept. 2003) p.51. ⟨www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/03/030901–04.pdf⟩ (accessed 30 Nov. 2005).

17 McSweeney quoted in Booth (note 8) pp.35–6.

18 Theiler (note 9) p.263.

19 Léonard (note 7) p.10.

20 Theiler (note 9) p.266.

21 Wæver et al. (note 11) p.48.

22 Dalby (note 1) p.13.

23 Commission of the European Communities, European Governance – A White Paper, COM(2001) 428 Final, p.30.

24 Wæver et al. (note 11) pp.43–4.

25 Buzan et al. (note 3) p.121.

26 Jef Huysmans, ‘The European Union and the Securitisation of Migration’, Journal of Common Market Studies 38/5 (2000) p.752.

27 R. Lohrmann, ‘Migrants, Refugees and Insecurity: Current Threats to Peace?’ International Migration 38/4 (Sept. 2000) p.8.

28 Kicinger p.2.

29 E. Ferris, ‘Peace, Security and the Movement of People’, Peace and Change 19/4 (Oct. 1994) p.406.

30 M. Jandl, ‘Moldova Seeks Stability Amid Mass Emigration’ (Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute Dec. 2003), ⟨www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm? ID=184⟩ (accessed 2 Feb. 2006).

31 European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Racism and Xenophobia in the EU Member States: Trends, Development and Good Practice, Vienna, Austria, Annual Report 2005 – Part 2, p.30 ⟨www.eumc.europa.eu⟩.

32 Choucri (note 4) p.105.

33 Rudolph (note 5) pp.11–12.

34 Ibid. p.8.

35 Nana Poku and David Graham (eds.), Redefining Security: Population Movements and National Security (Westport, CT: Praeger 1998) p.34.

36 The Economist, 19 March 2005, ‘Looking to Europe: A Survey of Turkey’, pp.3–5.

37 Rudolph (note 5) p.19.

38 Poku and Graham (note 35) p.98.

39 Rudolph (note 5) p.4.

40 C. Aradau, Migration: The Spiral of (In)Security, Rubikon International Forum of Electronic Publications, March 2001, ⟨http://venus.ci.uw.edu.pl/%7Erubikon/forum/claudia1.htm⟩ p.3 (accessed 12 Dec. 2005).

41 Huysmans (note 26) p.759.

42 Poku and Graham (note 35) p.30.

43 Rudolph (note 5) p.19.

44 Ibid. p.9.

45 M. Weiner, ‘Security, Stability and International Migration’, International Security 17/3 (Autumn 1992) p.120.

46 Rudolph (note 5) p.27.

47 Weiner (note 45) pp.121–3.

48 Ibid.

49 Kicinger (note 28) pp.4–5.

50 S. Carrera and M. Formanisano, ‘An EU Approach to Labour Migration: What is the Added Value and the Way Ahead?’ Centre for European Policy Studies Working Document No. 232 (Oct. 2005) p.7.

51 Wæver (note 11) p.191.

52 Rockwell Schnabel and Francis Rocca, The Next Superpower? The Rise of Europe and its Challenge to the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield 2005) p.96.

53 Aradau (note 40).

54 Global Commission on International Migration, Migration in an Interconnected World: New Directions for Action, (Report of the Global Commission on International Migration Oct. 2005) p.44 ⟨http://www.gcim.org/attachements/gcim‐complete‐report‐2005.pdf⟩ (accessed on 30 Jan. 2006).

55 Poku and Graham (note 35) p.194.

56 Sionadh Douglas‐Scott, Constitutional Law of the European Union (Harlow, UK: Pearson Longman 2002) p.5.

57 Huysmans (note 26) p.757.

58 Buzan et al. (note 3) p.188.

59 R. Youngs, ‘Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU’s External Identity’, Journal of Common Market Studies 42/2 (2004) pp.416–17.

60 J. Caporaso, ‘The Possibilities of a European Identity’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs 12/1 (Summer/Fall 2005) pp.65–6.

61 BBC News, 27 Jan. 2006 20:46:00GMT, ‘French PM urges EU Border Clarity’ at ⟨http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4656484.stm⟩ (accessed 28 Jan. 2006).

62 Caporaso (note 60) p.71.

63 Carnegie Council Worldview Breakfast (14 May 2004), The Challenges of Global Migration: An EU View, at ⟨www.cceia.org/printerfriendlymedia.php/prmID/4985⟩ (accessed 2 Feb. 2006) p.2.

64 O. Perni, ‘Migration Flows, Societal Security and EU’s Integration Process. The Spanish Case’, Paper prepared for conference ‘European Security in the XXI century’, Granada, Spain, 5–9 Nov. 2001, p.29 ⟨www.ugr.es/∼ceas/Multiculturalismo/Migration%20Flows .pdf⟩ (accessed 12 Dec. 2005).

65 A. Buonfino, ‘Politics, Discourse and Immigration as a security concern in the EU: a tale of two nations, Italy and Britain’ for workshop ‘Who Makes Immigration Policy? Comparative Perspectives in a post 9/11 world’, ECPR joint sessions of workshops, Uppsala, Sweden, 2004, ⟨www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr⟩ pp.1–2.

66 Ilvo Diamanti and Fabio Bordignon, Migration and Citizenship Rights in Europe, 5th ed. (Laboratorio di Studi Politici e Sociali (LaPolis) 21 Nov. 2005), ⟨www.fondazionenordest.net/uploads/media/english_version.pdf⟩ (accessed 3 Feb. 2006) p.5.

67 Lohrmann (note 27) p.8.

68 Wæver et al. (note 11) p.3.

69 Commission of the European Communities, Priority Actions for Responding to the Challenges of Migration: First Follow‐up to Hampton Court, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2005) 621 Final, p.2.

70 Commission of the European Communities, Study on the links between legal and illegal migration, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2004) 412 Final, p.11.

71 Poku and Graham (note 35) p.95.

72 Rudolph (note 5) p.17.

73 Huysmans (note 26) p.754.

74 Kicinger (note 28) p.4.

75 Commission of the European Communities, Wider Europe – Neighbourhood: a New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2003) 104 Final.

76 Quoted in S. Pardo, ‘Europe of Many Circles: European Neighbourhood Policy’, Geopolitics 9/3 (Autumn 2004) p.735.

77 Jean‐Pierre Masse, ‘What is a Neighbour? Examining the EU Neighbourhood Policy from the Perspective of Movement of Persons’, 10 June 2005, p.5. ⟨www.libertysecurity.org/article270.html⟩ (accessed 12 Dec. 2005).

78 COM(2003) 104 Final (note 75) Art.177(2)EC.

79 Ibid. p.10.

80 Weiner (note 45) p.121.

81 K. Smith, ‘The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy’, International Affairs 81/4 (2005) p.765.

82 Poku and Graham (note 35) p.96.

83 Smith (note 81) p.767.

84 European Commission, ‘European Neighbourhood Policy: A year of progress, IP/05/1467’, Press Release, Brussels 24 Nov. 2005.

85 Heather Grabbe, ‘How the EU Should Help its Neighbours’, Centre for European Reform Policy Brief, June 2004, p. 1, ⟨www.cer.org.uk/pdf/policybrief_eu_neighbours. pdf⟩ (accessed 21 Dec. 2005).

86 Smith (note 81) p.765.

87 Manuela Moschella, ‘European Union’s Regional Approach Towards its Neighbours: The Euro‐Mediterranean Policy vis‐à‐vis Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership’, Jean Monnet Centre, Dept. of Political Studies, Univ. of Catania, Italy, 2004, p.3, ⟨http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/moschella.pdf⟩ (accessed 21 Dec. 2005).

88 H. Malmvig, ‘Security through Intercultural Dialogue? Implications of Euro‐Mediterranean Dialogue Between Cultures’, Mediterranean Politics 10/3 (Nov. 2005) pp.352–8.

89 COM(2003) 104, p.5.

90 Pardo (note 76) p.736.

91 Masse (note 77) p.7.

92 George Joffé, ‘European Union and the Mediterranean’, in Mario Teló (ed.), European Union and New Regionalism: Regional Actors and Global Governance in a Post‐hegemonic Era (Burlington, VT: Ashgate 2001) p.221

93 Smith (note 81) p.766.

94 Adam Cygan, ‘Union Immigration Policy After Enlargement – Building the New Europe or the New Iron Curtain’ in Barbara Bogusz, Barbara, Ryszard Cholewinski, Adam Cygan and Erica Szyszczak (eds.), Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European and International Perspectives (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff 2004) p.241.

95 A. Geddes, ‘Europe’s Border Relationships and International Migration Relations’, Journal of Common Market Studies 43/4 (2005) p.94.

96 Gallya Lahav, ‘Migration and Security: The Role of Non‐State Actors and Civil Liberties in Liberal Democracies’, p. 100 ⟨www.un.org/esa/population/publications/secoord2003/ITT_COOR2_CH16_Lahav.pdf⟩ (accessed 12 Dec. 2005).

97 Erika Szyszczak and Adam Cygan, Understanding EU Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell 2005) p.226.

98 Lahav (note 96) p.93.

99 Geddes (note 95) p.795.

100 Sandra Lavenex, The Europeanisation of Refugee Policies. Between Human Rights and Internal Security (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate 2001) p.4.

101 A. Geddes, ‘International Migration and State Sovereignty in an Integrating Europe’, International Migration 39/6 (2001) p.33.

102 Carrera and Formisano (note 50) p.3.

103 Ibid. p.4.

104 Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper on an EU Approach to Managing Economic Migration, COM(2004) 811 Final, p.10.

105 G. Sasse, ‘Securitisation or Securing Rights? Exploring the Conceptual Foundations of Policies Towards Minorities and Migrants in Europe’, Journal of Common Market Studies 43/4 (2005) p.679.

106 Quoted in Ferris (note 29) p.409.

107 Carnegie Council Worldview Breakfast (note 63) p.5.

108 A. Adinolfi, ‘Free Movement and Access to Work of Citizens of the New Member States: The Transitional Measures’, Common Market Law Review 42/2 (2005) pp.482–3.

109 Cygan (note 94) p.248.

110 The Economist, 11 Feb. 2006, ‘When East Meets West: Europe’s Labour Mobility’, p.41.

111 Amnesty International, More Justice and Freedom to Balance Security: Amnesty International’s Recommendations to the EU, 27 Sept. 2004, p.3 ⟨www.unhcr.ch/cgi‐bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=4173d9244⟩ (accessed 28 Jan. 2006).

112 Cygan (note 94) p.242.

113 Geddes (note 101) p.33.

114 Council of the European Union, Directive 2003/109/EC (25 Nov. 2003), Status of Third‐country Nationals who are Long‐term Residents, OJ(2004) L16.

115 Adinolfi (note 108) p.488.

116 Cygan (note 94) p.246.

117 A. Hirsi Ali, ‘The Possibilities of a European Identity’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs 12/1 (2005) p.51.

118 Douglas‐Scott (note 56) p.480.

119 Wæver et al. (note 11) p.8.

120 C. Shore, ‘Whither European Citizenship? Eros and Civilisation Revisited’, European Journal of Social Theory 7/1 (2004) pp.33–4.

121 Michael Emerson, ‘European Neighbourhood Policy: Strategy or Placebo?’ Centre for European Policy Studies Working Document No. 215 (2004) p.1.

122 Schnabel and Rocca (note 52) pp.77–8.

123 Buzan et al. (note 3) p.185.

124 G. Kosztolányi, ‘Identity Crises: The Problems of Establishing Identities’, Central European Review 2/16 (25 April 2000) p.6.

125 John Rath in John Wrench and John Solomos (eds.), Racism and Migration in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg 1993) p.221.

126 Carrera and Formisano (note 102) p.5.

127 Hirsi Ali (note 117) p.53.

128 Ibid.

129 Jo Shaw, ‘Individual Rights and Citizenship: A Dynamic Interaction’ (Centre for the Study of Law in Europe, Univ. of Leeds, UK 1998) p.2, ⟨www.gps.uni‐hannover.de/europe/shaw.htm⟩ (accessed 30 Nov. 2005).

130 Hirsi Ali (note 117) p.55.

131 Ibid. p.57.

132 K. Dalgaard, ‘The European Union’s Imperial Overstretch’, RUSI Newsbrief 25/4 (6 April 2005) ⟨www.rusi.org/publications/newsbrief/ref:P4253AA0EE7D6A/⟩ (accessed 2 Feb. 2006).

133 Shore (note 120) p.29.

134 Douglas‐Scott (note 56) p.480.

135 Aradau (note 40) p.4.

136 Rath (note 125) p.222.

137 Official Journal of the European Communities, Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, OJ(2002) C325/35, Article 17(1)EC.

138 Sasse (note 135) p.675.

139 Andreas Føllesdal, ‘Union Citizenship: Unpacking the Beast of Burden’, ARENA Working Papers, WP01/9 (2001), ⟨www.arena.uio.no/publications/working‐papers2001/papers/wp01_9.htm⟩ (accessed 30 Nov. 2005).

140 Douglas‐Scott (note 56) pp.486–514.

141 D. Kostakopoulou, ‘Ideas, Norms and European Citizenship: Explaining Institutional Change’, The Modern Law Review 68/2 (2005) p.235.

142 N. Barber, ‘Citizenship, Nationalism and the European Union’, European Law Review 27/3 (2002) pp.246–7.

143 European Court of Justice, Case C‐214/94, Boukhalfa v Bundesrepublik Deutschland [1996] ECR I‐2253.Recital 63.

144 European Court of Justice, Case C‐85/96, María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR I‐2691.

145 S. O’Leary, ‘Putting Flesh on the Bones of European Citizenship’ European Law Review 24/1 (1999) p.68.

146 European Court of Justice, Case C‐209/03, Bidar v Ealing London Borough Council [2005], The Times, 29 March 2005.

147 European Court of Justice, Case C‐184/99, Grzelczyk v Centre public d’aide sociale d’Ottignies‐Louvain‐la‐Neuve [2001] ECR I‐6193.

148 European Court of Justice, Case C‐413/99, Baumbast and R v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] ECR I‐7091 and Case C‐200/02, Zhu and Chen v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] 3 CMLR 48.

149 Szyszczak and Cygan (note 97) pp.233–4.

150 M. Everson, ‘The Legacy of the Market Citizen’, in Jo Shaw and Gillian More (eds.), New Legal Dynamics of the European Union (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995) p.89.

151 Catherine Barnard, The Substantive Law of the EU (Oxford: OUP 2004) p.405.

152 European Court of Justice, Cases C‐64 & 65/96, Uecker and Jacquet v Land Nordrhein‐Westfalen [1997] ECR I‐317.

153 Huysmans (note 26) p.753.

154 Sasse (note 105) p.674.

155 N. Reich, ‘The Constitutional Relevance of Free Movement and Citizenship in an Enlarged Union’, European Law Journal 11/6 (2005) p.683.

156 European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2004/38/EC (29 April 2004), The Right of Citizens of the Union and their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely, OJ(2004) L229.

157 European Court of Justice, Case 168/91, Konstantindis v Stadt Altensteig‐Standesamt [1993] ECR I‐1191, Recital 46.

158 R. Youngs, ‘Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU’s External Identity’, Journal of Common Market Studies 42/2 (2004) p.419.

159 European Court of Justice, Case 4/73, Nold KG v Commission [1974] ECR 491.

160 Sasse (note 105) p.675.

161 Pernille Rieker, Europeanization of National Security Identity. The EU and the Changing Security Identities of the Nordic States (Abingdon, UK: Routledge 2006) p.39.