Is it Practical for Defence to Reduce its Carbon Emissions Without Affecting its Effectiveness?

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Notes

1 〈www.oursouthwest.com/news/quotes1sd.htm〉, accessed on 4 Feb. 2007.

2 Ibid.

3 N. Stern, The Economics of Climate Change ( London: TSO 2006) p.vi.

4 George Monbiot, ‘This crisis demands a reappraisal of who we are and what progress means’, The Guardian, 4 Dec. 2007.

5 Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, Climate Change – Politics and Economics, 〈www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/People/Speeches/ChiefStaff/20070625ClimateChangePoliticsVsEconomics.htm〉, accessed on 18 Jan. 2008.

6 Ibid.

7 J. Houghton, Global Warming: The Complete Briefing (Cambridge: CUP 1997) p.22.

8 Ibid., p34.

9 Ibid., p.36.

10 S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds), IPCC 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: CUP 2007) p.25.

11 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980–2005, 〈http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tableh1co2.xls〉, accessed on 5 Feb. 2008.

12 Calculated by Earth Policy Institute from US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004 (Washington DC: July 2006), 〈www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea〉; BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London 2006), 〈www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/CO2/2006_data.htm#fig3〉, accessed on 4 Feb. 2008.

13 Ibid.

14 e‐Digest Statistics about: Climate Change – UK Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide by National Communication Source Category, 〈www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/globatmos/gagccukem.htm〉, accessed on 5 Feb. 2008.

15 Directorate of Safety and Claims, ‘DRAFT – Defence Environment and Safety Board – Review of the MOD’s Climate Change Strategy’, May 2007.

16 S. Parkinson, ‘Guns and Global Warming: War, Peace and the Environment’, web presentation, 〈www.sgr.org.uk/ArmsControl/NfPAGMnotes_feb07.html〉, accessed on 2 April 2008.

17 Directorate of Safety and Claims (note 15) p.3.

18 Department Environment Transport Regions (DETR), Climate Change The UK Programme (Crown Climate: HMSO 2000) p.17.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid., p.18.

21 A. Michaelowa and T. Koch, ‘Military Emissions, Armed Conflict, Border Changes and the Kyoto Protocol’, Climatic Change 50 (2001) p.394.

22 DETR (note 18) p.21.

23 Solomon et al., IPCC 2007 (note 10) p.v.

24 Strategy for Climate Change: the way ahead for 2020 and beyond, 〈http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28188.htm〉, accessed on 7 Feb. 2008.

25 Department Environment Transport Regions (DETR), Climate Change The UK Programme (Crown Climate: HMSO 2000) p.4.

26 Ibid., p.117.

27 Ibid., p.120.

28 Ibid., p.9.

29 Ibid., p.27.

30 Taking forward the UK Climate Change Bill: The Government response to pre‐legislative scrutiny and public consultation (Crown Copyright: HMSO 2007) p.5.

31 Joint Services Publication (JSP) 418, Vol. 2, leaflet 4, p.4.

32 Carbon offsetting: Government emissions, UK Government Carbon Offsetting Fund, 〈www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/carbonoffset/government.htm〉, accessed on 7 Feb. 2008.

33 Ministry of Defence, Safety, Health and Environmental Protection in the Ministry of Defence – A Policy Statement by the Secretary of State, Oct. 2006.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 JSP 418 (note 31) p.5.

37 Directorate of Safety and Claims (note 15) p.2.

38 Hansard, 4 Feb. 2008 Column 796W Departmental Carbon Emissions, 〈www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080204/text/80204w0012.htm〉, accessed on 12 Feb. 2008.

39 D. Hammick, ‘UK MOD Sets Targets to Reduce Emissions’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 〈www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jdw/history/jdw2007/jdw33718.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=carbon%20reduction%20mod&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JDW&〉, accessed on 18 Feb. 2008.

40 Ministry of Defence, Sustainable Development Action Plan 2007–2012, 〈www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/HealthandSafetyPublications/DSC/SustainableDevelopmentActionPlan20072012.htm〉, accessed on 10 Dec. 2007.

41 UK Defence Statistics 2006, 〈www.dasa.mod.uk/natstats/ukds/2006/c2/table27.html〉, accessed on 22 April 2008.

42 R. Truly and A. Alm, More Capable Warfighting through Reduced Fuel Burden, The Defense Science Board Task Force on Improving Fuel Efficiency of Weapons Platforms, US Department of Defense, Jan. 2001.

43 Ibid., covering Memorandum.

44 C. Harrington, ‘Future Generation: US Alternative Energy Development’, Jane’s Defence Weekly 44/34 (22 Aug. 2007) p.24.

45 M. Grubb, ‘Tackling Climate Change Conference Keynote Address’, Chatham House (25 Oct. 2007) p.4.

46 DEFRA, Procuring the Future. Sustainable Procurement National Action Plan: Recommendations of the Sustainable Procurement Task Force (Crown Copyright: London 2006) p.4.

47 DEFRA, Climate Change: Valuing Emissions, 〈www.defra.gov.uk/Environment/climatechange/research/carboncost/index.htm〉, accessed on 29 May 2008.

48 Ministry of Defence, Government Carbon Offsetting Fund, 〈www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FC1BEB15-DB06-4ED0-B310-B44E0FC2166B/0/GCOF.doc〉, accessed on 15 Jan. 2008.

49 Hammick, ‘UK MOD Sets Targets to Reduce Emissions’ (note 39).

50 R. Henson, The Rough Guide to Climate Change, 2nd ed. (London: Penguin 2008) p.306.

51 Defence Technology Strategy (London: MoD 2007) p.53.

52 Ibid.

53 Henson, Rough Guide to Climate Change (note 50) p.310.

54 Stern, The Economics of Climate Change (note 3), p.i.

55 Ibid., p.vi.

56 Ibid.

57 R. Bacon, ‘Equipment Goes Green at Industry Exhibition’, 〈www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/EquipmentGoesGreenAtIndustryExhibition.htm〉, accessed on 10 Dec. 2007.

58 M.J. Hornitschek, ‘War Without Oil: A Catalyst for True Transformation’, USAF Air War College (Feb. 2006) p.42.

59 Sustainable Development in Operational Delivery (London: Crown Copyright 2006) p.30.

60 A. Withers, RN Energy Report 06–07, p.4.

61 Sustainable Development in Operational Delivery (note 59) p.31.

62 Sustainable Operations on the Government Estate: Targets, 〈www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/government/estates/targets.htm〉, accessed on 31 Mar. 2008.

63 Defence Focus, Issue No. 218 (Apr. 2008) p.9.

64 Stern Flap, 〈www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/stern-flap.htm〉, accessed on 1 Apr. 2008.

65 J. Vidal, ‘Giant Sail Technology Could Make Shipping Greener’, Guardian, 2 Jan. 2008, 〈www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/02/travelandtransport.energyefficiency〉, accessed on 1 Apr. 2008.

66 ‘Beluga SkySails Sails Back’, Marine Engineers Review (Apr. 2008) p.8.

67 J.P. Olivier, ‘UK Navy Emissions Study 1988–2006’, UK MoD, International Naval Engineering Conference (Apr. 2008) p.19.

68 G. Wilson‐Roberts, ‘Save 10% on Bunker Bills’, 〈www.sustainableshipping.com/news/2007/09/69002?gsid=6a4d93ca1075b8396a4bdf47745864c2&asi=1〉, accessed on 1 April 2008.

69 ‘German Kite Ship Sets Sail’, 〈www.theopenpress.com/index.php?a=press&id=28593〉, accessed on 1 Apr. 2008.

70 Department of Energy, ‘Energy Star: Operation Change Out – The Military Challenge Campaign Launch’, 〈www.energy.gov/news/6179.htm〉, accessed on 30 Apr. 2008.

71 N. Cook, ‘Technology Audit: Rolls‐Royce Lifting the Game’, Jane’s Defence Weekly 42/49 (7 Dec. 2005) p.25.

72 M. Smith, ‘Solar Power, Weeds, and Algae to Fuel Armed Forces of the Future’, 〈www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3822640.ece〉, accessed on 30 Apr. 2008.

73 Z. Peterson, ‘Nuclear Power is USN’s Future: Lawmakers’, 〈www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3171434&c=SEA&s=AME〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2007.

74 Truly and Alm, More Capable Warfighting through Reduced Fuel Burden (note 42) p.43.

75 ‘Euro 4 Diesel Technology for Military Vehicles Revealed by Cummins’, 〈www.cumminsuk.com/eu/pages/en/mediaresources/marketspecificnews/subjectpressrelease.cfm?uuid=00037CCC-5273-1FC2-829580C4A8F00000〉, accessed on 29 Apr. 2008.

76 ‘Second Generation Biofuels: Heavy Focus on Biomass‐to‐liquids’, 〈www.greencarcongress.com/2005/12/secondgeneratio.html〉, accessed on 23 Apr. 2008.

77 L. Clout, ‘EU Emission rules could limit Army’s new vehicles’, Daily Telegraph, 29 Nov. 2007, p.12.

78 FRES and Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 〈www.generaldynamics.uk.com/solutions/fres.html〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2008.

79 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ‘Road to Low Carbon’, Mechanical Engineering (Jul. 2006) p.14.

80 B. Marquis, ‘Army Vehicle could be Iraq’s First Hybrid’, 〈http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,145584,00.html〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2008.

81 L. Page, ‘US Hands Out $3.5m for Portable Fuel‐cell Power Pack’, 〈www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/29/us_army_fuel_cell_cash/〉, accessed on 20 Apr. 2008.

82 Defense Industry Daily, ‘Battlefield Robots: to Iraq and Beyond’, 〈www.defenseindustrydaily.com/battlefield-robots-to-iraq-and-beyond-0727/〉, accessed on 30 Apr. 2008.

83 M. Broughton, ‘Climate on the Runway’, The World Today 64/3 (Mar. 2008) p.13.

84 Ibid.

85 〈www.af.mil/library/viewpoints/secaf.asp?id=269〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2008.

86 D. Adam, ‘US Air Force Calls for Mission to Combat Climate Change’, The Guardian, 28 Apr. 2008, p.9.

87 Broughton, ‘Climate on the Runway’ (note 83) p.13.

88 SBAC, Environmentally Friendly Engine Aerospace Technology Validation Programme, 〈www.sbac.co.uk/pages/35232180.asp〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2008.

89 K. Carter, JSCSC Research Paper – Carbon Emissions, 12 May 2008, e‐mail to [email protected].

90 C. Harrington, ‘USAF Eyes Coal‐to‐liquids Plant’, Jane’s Defence Weekly 45/8 (20 Feb. 2008) p.10.

91 C. Lucas, ‘Airlines, Climate and European Emissions Trading’, The World Today 64/3 (Mar. 2008) p.15.

92 USAF Scientific Advisory Board, Technology Options for Improved Air Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, SAB‐TR‐06‐04, May 2006, p.2.

93 UK Launch Project Taranis, UCAV Technology Demonstrator, 〈www.defense-update.com/products/t/taranis-ucav.htm〉, accessed on 2 Apr. 2008.

94 D. Daggatt, R. Hendricks, R. Walther and E. Corporan, Alternate Fuels for Use in Commercial Aircraft (Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company 2007) p.7.

95 C. Harrington, ‘Manned Aircraft Makes First Fuel Cell‐powered Flight’, Jane’s Defence Weekly 45/16 (11 Apr. 2008).