Cyber Defence in Focus: Enemies Near and Far – or Just Behind the Firewall: The Case for Knowledge Management

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Notes

1 The Economist, ‘War in the fifth domain’ (July 2010) pp.25–7.

2 MoD Information Strategy 2011: Better Informed, Better Defence, <www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/PolicyStrategyandPlanning/ModInformationStrategymodis.htm>.

3 P. Adler, ‘The Future of Critical Management Studies: A Paleo-Marxist Critique of Labour Process Theory’, Organization Studies 28 (2007) pp.1313 – 45; W.Starbuck, ‘Learning by Knowledge-Intensive Firms’ , Journal of Management Studies 29 (1992) pp.713–40.

4 MoD Information Strategy 2011 (note 2) p.8.

5 B.Waruszynski, The Knowledge Revolution: A Literature Review, DRDC HQ tr-2000-02, September 2000.

6 J. Girard, ‘Defence Knowledge Management: A Passing Fad’, Canadian Military Journal, Summer 2004.

7 C.M. Rumizen, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Knowledge Management (Washington DC: Alpha Publishing 2002) p.35.

8 C. Collison. and G. Parcell, Learning to Fly. Practical Knowledge Management from Leading and Learning Organizations (Chichester, UK: Capstone Publishing 2004) p.24.

9 C.Frappaolo, Knowledge Management (Chichester, UK: Capstone Publishing 2006) p.75.

10 M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge (Univ. of Chicago Press 1962).

11 L. Prusak, ‘The Knowledge Advantage’, Planning Review 24/2 (1996) pp.6–8; I. Nonaka and H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation (Oxford: OUP 1995).

12 Allee 2002.

13 MoD Defence Knowledge Strategy (2010).

14 L. Stroh and P. Caligiuri, ‘Increasing global competitiveness through effective people management’, Journal of World Business 33/1 (1998) pp.1–16; T. Davenport and L. Prusak, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press 1998); L. Thurow, ‘The rise and fall of the brain power’, Industry Week 246/11 (1997) pp.114–17; E. Lank, ‘Leveraging invisible assets: the human factor’, Long Range Planning 3/3 (1997) pp.406–12.

15 Girard (note 6) p.63.

16 K. M. Bartol and Srivastava, A., ‘Encouraging Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Organizational Reward Systems’, Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies 9/1 (2002);B. Marr, O. Gupta, S. Pike, and G. Roos, ‘Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management Effectiveness’, Management Decision 41/8 (2003) pp.771–81; Allee 1997; S. Debowski, Knowledge Management (Wilton, Australia: Wiley 2006); P. Probst, B. Raub, and C. Romhardt, Managing Knowledge Building Blocks for Success (Chichester, UK: Wiley 1998).

17 Sloan, E. 2000 ‘The Revolution in Military Affairs’. Directorate of Strategic Analysis, Department of National Defence, Canada

18 Morrison, J., and Slay, J. (2000) Does Knowledge Management Theory Support the Achievement of Knowledge Superiority in Defence? AJIS: Australia Special edition. December 2007.

19 Girard (note 6).

20 B. Cole-Gomolski, ‘Users loathe to share their know-how’, Computerworld 31/46 (1997) p.6.

21 Nonaka and Takeuchi (note 11); F. Blackler, ‘Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: an overview and interpretation’, Organizational Studies 16/6 (1995)pp.1021–46.

22 Stroh and Caliguiri (note 14); Davenport and Prusak (note 14).

23 F. Kofman, and P. Senge, Communities and commitment: the heart of learning organisations. Organizational Dynamics 22/2 (1993) pp.5–22.

24 R. Darby, E. Herboltzheimer, and C. Van Winkelan, ‘The Impact of National Cultures on Acceptance of Knowledge Management Approaches’, Henley Working Papers, HWP 0807 (2008): Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J. and Lyles, M. 2008 ‘Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences’. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 830–53.

25 Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwarzman, S., Scott, P. and Trow (1994) ‘The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies’. London: Sage.

26 Bartol and Srivastiva (note 16).

27 C. Solomon, ‘Return on Investment’, Workforce 2/4 (Global Workforce Supplement) (1997) pp.12–=-18; Mendenhall, M., Punnet, B. and Ricks, D. 1995 ‘Global Management’. Cambridge, MA: Prusak (note 11).

28 R. Foley, S. Griffin, and H. McCartney, ‘Transformation in contact: learning the lessons of modern war’, International Affairs 87/2 (2011), 253–70.

29 MoD Information Strategy (note 2).

30 J. Cornelissen, ‘Beyond compare: metaphor in organization theory’, Academy of Management Review, 30 (2005) pp.751–64; J. Cornelissen, ‘Metonymy in language about organizations: a corpus-based study of company names’, Journal of Management Studies 45 (2008) pp.79–99; V. Anand, C. Manz, and W.Glick ‘An organizational memory approach to information management’, Academy of Management Review, 23 (1998) pp.796–809; A. Alderson, ‘The Army’s Brain: A Historical Perspective on Doctrine and Development’, British Army Review, No. 150 (Winter 2010) pp.60–4; J.Walsh and G. Ungson, ‘Organizational memory’, Academy of Management Review 16 (1991) pp.57–91; E. Wenger, Communities of Practice, Meaning and Identiity (Cambridge: CUP 1998); E. Wenger, ‘Communities of Practice and social learning systems’, Organization 7 (2000) pp.224–5.

31 E. Wenger, R. McDermott, and W. Snyder, Cultivating Communities of Practice. (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing 2002); J. Lave and E.Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge: CUP 1991); Wenger 1998 (note 29).

32 Wenger, E. 2000 ‘Communities of practice and social learning systems’. Organization, 7(2): 225–46. Collison and Parcell (note 8).

33 D. Garvin, ‘Building a Learning Organization’, Harvard Business Review (July–Aug.1993) pp.78–91;Lave and Wenger (note 30).

34 I. Nahapiet and S.Ghoshal ‘Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage’, Academy of Management Review 23/2 (1998) pp.242–66.

35 U. Lichtenhaler and E. Lichtenhaler, ‘ A capability-based framework for open innovation: complementing absorptive capacity’, Journal of Management Studies 46 (2009) pp.1315–38;. H.Volberda, N. Foss, and M. Lyles, ‘Absorbing the concept of absorptive capacity: How to realize its potential in the organization field’, Organization Science (2009); P. Senge, The Fifth Dimension: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation (London. Random House 2006); Starbuck (note 3).

36 E. Fontainha, and P. Leary-Gannon, Communities of Practice and virtual learning communities: benefits, barriers and success factors. [/www.elearningpapers.eu/ No. 5 (Sept. 2007)].