Access to anti-cancer drugs in India: is there a need to revise reimbursement policies?

ABSTRACT

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the access of Indian cancer patients to optimum cancer care under selected government schemes by reviewing reimbursement schemes for cancer care in India.

Methods: All cancer care reimbursement schemes in India were identified and three highly utilized schemes (VAS, RAS, CMCHS) were selected. Quality of breast, colorectal, lung, head & neck, and gastric cancer care was reviewed with respect to NCCN guidelines. Direct medical costs and shortage of budget in reimbursed amounts were calculated for each listed chemotherapy regimen.

Results: Medical oncology practice following the schemes’ formularies is inferior to recommendations by the NCCN guidelines. Innovative treatment (targeted therapies) like trastuzumab, pertuzumab (breast), bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab (colorectal), erlotinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, and nivolumab (lung) are either not reimbursed (VAS, CMCHS) or partially reimbursed (RAS). Average shortage of budget was found to be 43% (breast), 55% (colorectal), 74% (lung), 7% (head & neck), and 51% (gastric cancer).

Conclusions: Policy makers should consider addition of newer treatments, exclusion of sub-optimal treatments, increments in per patient budget and optimization of supportive care, which may contribute to improvements in survival and quality of life for Indian cancer patients.

KEYWORDS:

• Cancer
• chemotherapy
• cost
• reimbursement
• India

Acknowledgments

Ms. Haitsma participated in the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data; drafting of the first version; and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Mr. Patel participated in the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data; drafting of the first version; and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Dr. Parthasarathi participated in the analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the first version; and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Dr. Postma participated in the analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the first version; and approval of the final version of the manuscript.

Declaration of interest

MJ Postma has received research grants from various pharmaceutical companies for research unrelated to this paper. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Supplementary data

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Additional information

Funding

This paper is not funded.