Antipsychotic-induced Tardive dyskinesia: from biological basis to clinical management

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a chronic and disabling movement disorder with a complex pathophysiological basis. A significant percentage of patients does not receive correct diagnosis, resulting in delayed or inaccurate treatment and poor outcome. Therefore, there is a critical need for prompt recognition, implementation of efficacious treatment regimens and long-term follow up of patients with TD.

Areas covered: The current paper provides an overview of emerging data concerning proposed pathophysiology theories, epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic strategies for TD.

Expert commentary: Despite considerable research efforts, TD remains a challenge in the treatment of psychosis as the available strategies remain sub-optimal. The best scenario will always be the prophylaxis or prevention of TD, which entails limiting the use of antipsychotics.

KEYWORDS:

• Tardive dyskinesia
• movement disorders
• antipsychotics
• neuroleptics
• dopamine receptor blockers
• schizophrenia

Declaration of interest

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.