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Research Article

The Free Angela Movement in Global Context, 1970-1972

Pages 1-38 | Received 01 Oct 2019, Accepted 12 Jan 2021, Published online: 02 Feb 2021
 

Notes

1 The author acknowledges the assistance of Kurt Stand, Victor Grossman, Ginga Eichler, Heinz Birch, Carol Pittman, Jesse Rosenberg, Jay Schaffner, Celina Rosenberg, Michael Kaplan, Tim Johnson, Archivist Jenny Gotwals at Radcliffe’s Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Wendy Chmielewski of Swarthmore College’s Peace Collection, the staff at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Mike Koncewicz of the Tamiment Library, Tim Johnson, Nora Bonosky, and Peter Filardo.

Research collections are abbreviated thusly: Communist Party of the United States of America Records, Tamiment Library: CPUSA Records; National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression Collection, Schomburg Center: Alliance Collection; Angela Davis Defense Collection, Schomburg Center: Davis Defense Collection; Swarthmore Peace Collection: Peace Collection; Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Historical Society; Angela Davis Papers, Radcliffe, Schlesinger Library: Davis Papers; Jay Schaffner Papers, Tamiment Library: Schaffner Papers; James E. Jackson and Esther Jackson Papers, Tamiment Library: Jackson Papers.

2 Charlene Mitchell, The Fight to Free Angela Davis: The Importance for the Working Class, New York, 1972; Bettina Aptheker, The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis, New York, 1975; Angela Davis and Bettina Aptheker, ed., If They Come in the Morning, New York, 1971; Daniel Rosenberg, “The Free Angela Movement in the United States, 1969-1991,” American Communist History, Volume 19, No. 1 (2020); Angela Davis, An Autobiography, New York, 1975, 398.

3 Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 35, 58, 67; Greetings from Fraternal Communist & Workers Parties to the 20th Convention, CPUSA, Schaffner Papers, Box 11: Folder 20th CPUSA Convention; French Communist Party birthday greetings to Henry Winston, CIA Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 91-100; Ecuadorian pendant at Angela Davis Outspoken, https://www.glbthistory.org/angela-davis Accessed September 2, 2020.

4 Progressive Youth Organization of Guyana, Resolution on Angela Davis, CPUSA Papers, Box 122, Folder 20; “Communist Parties of U.S., Mexico Issue Joint Statement,” Daily World, June 15, 1971; Elizabeth Catlett, “Sitter,” National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.

5 Gladys Marin, “Angela Davis,” El Siglo, March 31, 1971, Jackson Papers, Box 13, Folder 58; Documentary Record, World Federation of Democratic Youth, Executive Committee, Valparaiso, Chile, September 6-7, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 3, Folder 7; Javier Cardona (Cali, Colombia) to Angela Davis, December 24, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 6; Michael Tutton, “Joan Jones, Who Helped Form Black Rights Movement in Nova Scotia, Dies at 79,” The Canadian Press, April 2, 2019; “Canadian Groups Sends Birthday Greetings to Angela,” Baltimore Afro-American, February 26, 1972.

6 Greetings from Fraternal Communist & Workers Parties to the 20th Convention, CPUSA, 1972, Schaffner Papers, Box 11, Folder: 20th CPUSA Convention; Comisión por la Vida y La Libertad de Angela Davis to Angela Davis, June 15, 1972, CPUSA Papers, Box 138, Folder 18.

7 Comisión por la Vida y la Libertad de Angela Davis to the Ambassador of the United States, January 3, 1972, CPUSA Papers, Box 138, Folder 18; Reina Miranda to Angela Davis, April 17, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 32; Blanca B. Alvarez to Angela Davis, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 5; “Mamacita Yolanda” to Angela Davis, April 17, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 5.

8 Sarah J. Seidman, “Angela Davis in Cuba as Symbol and Subject,” Radical History Review, Issue 136 (January 2020), 11-12, 18, 24-25; Seidman, “Venceremos Means We Shall Overcome: The African American Freedom Struggle and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1979” (doctoral dissertation, 2013): 178.

9 Notes to Subseries C, Letters Sent to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973, Davis Papers; Vivian Alvarez to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Postcards from the Ministry of Public Health, Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Postcard from the union at the Ministry of Industry, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; poster at Angela Davis Outspoken, https://www.glbthistory.org/angela-davis Accessed September 2, 2020; Sarah J. Seidman, “Angela Davis in Cuba as Symbol and Subject,” Radical History Review, January 2020, 11-35.

10 Nucleo PCC, Area de Planificacion to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Sabrina Labrador, CDR No. 16, to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; CDR No. 10, Zone 3, Santiago de Cuba, to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Teresa Echevevarria to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Lylia E. Cuesta to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Angelina D. Garcia to Angela Davis, n.d., Nucleo PCC, Area de Planificacion to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Sabrina Labrador, CDR No. 16, to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; CDR No. 10, Zone 3, Santiago de Cuba, to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Teresa Echevevarria to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Lylia E. Cuesta to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19; Brigada Artistica del Comité Cubano Por La Libertad de Angela Davis, brochure, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 14; News item, Pittsburgh Courier, September 4, 1971; “José” to Angela Davis, n.d., Cuban Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 19.

11 Brigada Artistica del Comité Cubano Por La Libertad de Angela Davis, brochure, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 14; Nicolas Guillen, “Angela Davis, Philadelphia Tribune, March 7, 1972,

12 Sarah Salem, “On Transnational Feminist Solidarity: The Case of Angela Davis in Egypt,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Volume 43, Number 2, 245-267; Davis and Aptheker, If They Come in the Morning, 1971, 276.

13 Free Angela, Vol. 1 No. 12 (November 8, 1971), CPUSA Records, Box 255, Folder 39; Bettina Aptheker, Intimate Politics, Emeryville, 2006, 250; Sechaba, Vol. 5, No. 3 (March 1971); Angela Davis : Release all Southern African Political Prisoners, poster, 1974, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017649113/ Accessed September 10, 2020; Gerald Horne, White Supremacy Confronted, New York, 2019, 579, 653, 674, 705, 832.

14 Comité pour la defense et libération d’Angela Davis, M. Lissouba to Committee to Free Angela Davis, January 9, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; Comité pour la defense et libération d’Angela Davis to Committee to Free Angela Davis, November 12, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 20.

15 Greetings from Fraternal Communist & Workers Parties to the 20th Convention, CPUSA, 1972, Schaffner Papers, Box 11, Folder: 20th CPUSA Convention; materials on India in Jackson Papers, Box 13, Folder 58; “The Fate of Angela Davis,” Link, October 3, 1971; “Free Angela Davis,” Documents and Information, Women’s International Democratic Federation, No. 4, 1971; Hongshan Li, “Building a Black Bridge: China's Interaction with African-American Activists during the Cold War,” Journal of Cold War Studies, 20 no. 3 (Summer 2018): 114-152; Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power, New York, 1992, 302-304; Robin D.G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution,” Souls, Fall 1999; Broghan MacIntyre, “Hear how Angela Davis inspired NMG girls to go to Beijing in 1995,” New Moon Girls, January 1, 2016

16 Minutes of Political Committee meeting, April 20, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 223, Folder 16; Henrick Wahlberg (Helsinki) to President R. Nixon, January 13, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 22; Educators, teachers, and technical personnel of the Pestalozzi Children’s Home, Kreztanne, Austria, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Interview with Angela Davis, Swedish Television, 1972, https://iwspace.wordpress.com/2015/05/30/angela-davis-1972-prison-interview-perfectly-explains-the-violence-in-baltimore/ and https://www.ifcfilms.com/films/the-black-power-mixtape Accessed September 16, 2020.

17 Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 67; Aptheker, Intimate Politics, 255, 257; Maria Höhn, “The Black Panther Solidarity Committees and the Voice of the Lumpen,” German Studies Review, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb. 2008), pp. 133-154; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 58, 73; Stefanie Senger, “Globales Engagement im Kalten Krieg. Internationale Solidarität in Ost- und Westdeutschland,” H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences, September 2016, 1-4.

18 EPHEMERA - BIBLIOTECA E ARQUIVO DE JOSÉ PACHECO PEREIRA, ARQUIVO, Davis, Angela, Emblemas - pins - magnetos, Free Angela Davis, Repressão, https://ephemerajpp.com/2014/09/04/eua-free-angela-davis/ Accessed September 2, 2020; Dolores Ibarurri, “A Las Mujeres De Europa y America!”, n.d., Jackson Papers, Box 13, Folder 58; Letter from Spanish Communists to Angela Davis, November 11, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 3; Political prisoners of Aegina prison to Angela Davis, n.d., Jackson Papers, Box 6, Folder 4; Greetings from Fraternal Communist & Workers Parties to the 20th Convention, CPUSA, Schaffner Papers, Box 11, Folder: 20th CPUSA Convention; Betty Sinclair to Angela Davis, April 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 3.

19 “Angela Davis Considered ‘Heroine’ by Europeans,” Los Angeles Sentinel, June 24, 1971; petition from London, CPUSA Records, Box 262, Folder 1; David Shannon, Bob and Avril Cash, John Tarver to Angela Davis, May 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 3; Tony Marlow to Angela Davis, July 8, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 33; “International Support,” Free Angela, Vol. 1, No. 12 (November 8, 1971), CPUSA Records, Box 255, Folder 39; Gordon Ashberry to Angela Davis, March 3, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 34.

20 Gus Hall and Henry Winston to John Gollan, November 11, 1971, Jackson Papers, Box 6, Folder 7; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 67; T.J. O’Flaherty, “1,000 Honor Jackson in London,” The Militant, October 1, 1971; Friends of Soledad, Soledad Brothers News, London, May 1972; Forward to Freedom: The History of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement 1959-1994, https://www.aamarchives.org/ Accessed September 16, 2020; Rolling Stones, “Sweet Black Angel,” from Exile on Main Street, Rolling Stones Records, 1972; Matt Wake, “The story behind The Rolling Stones’ Angela Davis song,” https://www.al.com/life/2019/02/the-story-behind-the-rolling-stones-angela-davis-song.html, February 13, 2019, Accessed September 16, 2020; poster at Angela Davis Outspoken, https://www.glbthistory.org/angela-davis Accessed September 2, 2020.

21 “Aretha Franklin Says She’ll Pay Angela Davis’ Bail,” Indianapolis Recorder, December 12, 1970; FGCI, FGSI, MGDC, MGPSIU, MGPRI to Angela Davis, November 1970, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 1; Claudio Lupier to Angela Davis, February 2, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 21; Daniela Folloni to Angela Davis, February 2, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; Aptheker, Intimate Politics, 282-283; Aptheker to author, August 18, 2020; Davis and Aptheker, If They Come in the Morning, 1971; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 67; materials from Italy, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; “Davis Move Urged in Italy,” New York Times, November 26, 1970; “Aretha Franklin Ready with Bail for Davis,” Daily World, December 1, 1971.

22 Ollie Stewart, Old Clippings, Newsy, Amusing,” Baltimore Afro-American, September 25, 1971; “French Entertainers Back Angela,” Baltimore Afro-American, December 5, 1970; GENET PARLE D'ANGELA DAVIS, 1970, https://base.centre-simone-de-beauvoir.com/DIAZ-510-651-0-0.html Accessed September 2, 1070; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 67; “French Rallies,” Free Angela, Vol. 1, No. 12 (November 8, 1971), CPUSA Records, Box 255, Folder 39; Michael Kaplan to author, April 1, 2020; poster at Angela Davis Outspoken, https://www.glbthistory.org/angela-davis Accessed September 2, 2020.

23 Three petitions from the National Committee for the Defense and Freedom of Angela Davis,” n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 9.

24 “Angela Davis: l’icône Sweet Black Angel à l’Humanité,” translated Saturday April 13, 2013, by David Lundy; Femmes Travailleuses de CGT to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; Postcards from CGT Youth, Alliance Collection, Box 2, Folder 5, Folder 6, Folder 7, Folder 8; French CGT postcards, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 2, Folder 3, Folder 4; CGT postcards, end of 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 2, Folder 4; Angela Davis Letters of Support, CPUSA Records, Box 475, Folder 40; “Kassim” to New York Committee to Free Angela Davis, June 20, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 475, Folder 41; Les Cheminots de Paris-Montparnesse to Angela Davis, February 5, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; CGT Postal Workers, Lyon, n.d., to Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 23; Postal worker to Angela Davis, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 23; Noelle Le Berre to Angela Davis, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 23; Ligue Internationale de Femmes pour la Paix et la Liberté, statement, November 26, 1971, Peace Collection, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, Series H, Box 1.

25 Gerald Horne, W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography, Santa Barbara, 2010, xiv; Horne, Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary, London, 2016, 145; Horne, Black & Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963, Albany, 1986, 223-253; Davis, An Autobiography, 398.

26 I. Lebedev, “Invaluable Support,” Pravda, November 2, 1971; Documentary Record, World Federation of Democratic Youth, Executive Committee, Valparaiso, Chile, September 6-7, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 3, Folder 7; World Federation of Democratic Youth, telegram to Judge Arnason, President Nixon, and Governor Reagan, July 2, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 30; Letters to Angela Davis from Czechoslovakia, 1971, Series C, Letters to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973, Davis Papers; Letters to Angela Davis from Hungary, 1971, Series C, Letters to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973, Davis Papers; Angela Davis Solidarity Letters: Hungary, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 30; Letters to Angela Davis from Poland, 1972, Series C, Letters to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973, Davis Papers; Letters to Angela Davis from the Soviet Union, 1971, Series C, Letters to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973, Davis Papers; Georg Lukacs Appeal, in Davis and Aptheker, If They Come in the Morning, 278-279.

27 Kristóf Nagy, “Angela Davis goes east? White Skin and Black Masks in the Art of Socialist Hungary,” World Literature Studies, October 1, 2016, 91-92; Meredith Roman. “Soviet ‘Renegades,’ Black Panthers, and Angela Davis: The Politics of Dissent in the Soviet Press, 1968–73,” Cold War History 18:4 (2018): 503-519; The Best Defense: Reader, “Death on the Installment Plan,” http://reader.epubee.com/books/mobile/d6/d635ff183b1f6152f2974378c965f5f1/text00095.html Accessed September 15, 2020.

28 Angela Davis Solidarity Letters: Bulgaria, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 17; Ani Ikonova to Committee to Free Angela Davis, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 17; Ivan Talpas to New York Committee to Free Angela Davis, January 1, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 16; Aptheker, The Morning Breaks, 67.

29 Meredith Roman. “Soviet ‘Renegades,’ Black Panthers, and Angela Davis: The Politics of Dissent in the Soviet Press, 1968–73,” Cold War History 18, no. 4 (2018): 507, 512, 514.

30 Subseries C, Letters Sent to Marin County Jail, 1970-1973; Davis Papers; Pupils of school number 2, Alexandrov, USSR, to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 6.

31 Hand-made stenciled petition from Moscow school #23, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 262, Folder 3; Valentina Nikolayeva-Tereshkova to Angela Davis, in Davis and Aptheker, If They Come in the Morning, 280-281.

32 Tanya Nasyrova to Angela Davis, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 35; Soviet high school petitions, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 263, Folder 4; Tereshkova to Angela Davis, in Davis and Aptheker, If They Come in the Morning , 280; TASS report, December 18, 1970, protests by Soviet women, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 2; Rimma Kashina to Angela Davis, n.d., Jackson Papers, Box 1, Folder 58; Igor Brilliantov, “Letter to Angela,” May 2, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 31; I. Lebedev, “Invaluable Support,” Pravda, November 2, 1971; “Russian Plea for Angela Davis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 7, 1971.

33 Jay Schaffner, “Solidarity, Support, Friendship: What Lessons for Future Socialists,” 2018, unpublished manuscript in author’s possession; Jay Schaffner to author, February 28, 2020; Angela Davis to Klaus Steiniger, April 26, 1972, in Steiniger, Angela Davis: Eine Frau schreibt Geschichte, Berlin, 2010, photo section.

34 Peter Marcuse, Missing Marx, New York, 1991, 53-61.

35 Greetings from Fraternal Communist & Workers Parties to the 20th Convention, CPUSA, 1972, Schaffner Papers, Box 11, Folder: 20th CPUSA Convention; petitions from the GDR, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 11; petitions from the GDR, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 18; resolutions from the GDR, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1; Sophie Lorenz, “Heroine of the Other America”: The GDR Solidarity Movement for Angela Davis, 1970-1978,” Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, online edition, 10 (2013), H. 1, 38-60. Courtesy Heinz Birch.

36 Heinz Birch to author, March 20, 2020; Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020.

37 Victor Grossman to author, March 4, 2020; Kurt Stand to author, March 2, 2020; Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020.

38 Kurt Stand to author, March 2, 2020; Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 11, 2020; Karin Retzlaff, “Von Alcatraz bis Zero,” 1969, clipping file courtesy Ginga Eichler.

39 Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020; Heinz Birch to author, April 3, 2020; Kurt Stand to author, March 2, 2020; Victor Grossman to author, March 4, 2020.

40 Heinz Birch to author, April 3, 2020; Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020; Victor Grossman to author, March 4, 2020.

41 Bound portfolios of petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 9; Interview with Ginga Eichler, March 9, 2020; Kollektiv 8 Marz to Angela Davis, February 28, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 19; Alexander Bartzch, Leipzig, to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 7.

42 Petitions from Rostock and Thuringia, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 15; petitions from Erfurt and Jena, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 16; Lilke Karsten to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; Ulrich Knoll to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; VEB Kombinat Technisches Glas Ilmenau to Angela Davis, October 5, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 20; Jena 10th graders to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; petitions from Zittau and Wesbach, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 19; GDR Building Equipment Factory workers petition, November 1, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 3; Factory workers petition from Frankfurt-on-Oder, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 17; Sabine Schmidt to Angela Davis, January 1, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 17; Luther Reier to Richard Nixon, December 25, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 4; FDJ, Rathenow, to Angela Davis, June 3, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 9; SED letters to Angela Davis, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 18; Dresden FDJ to Angela Davis, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 1; SED resolutions, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1.

43 Pioneers of Class 7B, Protest letter on behalf of Angela Davis, September 29, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; “Germans Celebrate Robeson’s Birth,” Baltimore Afro-American, May 22, 1971; Pioneer poster, Erich-Weinert Oberschule, CPUSA Records, Box 262, Folder 5; Heinz Dubbe to Angela Davis, November 27, 1970, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 25; Elly Reuter to Angela Davis, November 24, 1970, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 25: Horst Mokross, “Für Angela,” n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 26.

44 Petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folders 6, 7; Silkscreen poster, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 262, Folder 2; Hand-drawn poster, Class 9B, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 262, Folder 1.

45 Heinz Birch to author, March 20, 2020; Heinz Birch to author, April 3, 2020.

46 Petition from bus and tram workers, Rostock, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 16; Petition from musical instrument factory, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 19; Petition from research institute, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 26; Miscellaneous petitions, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1; Resolutions from workplaces, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 8; Society of Quakers to Committee to Free Angela Davis, June 6, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 13; Betriebsgruppe VEB Federnwerk Zittau protest resolution, February 17, 1972; Angela Davis Brigade Hydrogeologie Nordhausen to Angela Davis, March 7, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1; Textile factory workers to Angela Davis, February 8, 1972, February 8, 1972; Gisele Boldt to Angela Davis, message from child health care workers, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1; Lina Johannes to Angela Davis, February 25, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 1.

47 Kollektiv der Kindergarten Jungsternsteig to Angela Davis, December 19, 1971; Protest Resolution, Anne Frank Kollektiv der Kindertageskrippe, to Angela Davis, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 9; Frauen der Frauengruppe Rochlitz der VKSK Protest Resolution, October 20, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 9; Educators and Mothers of the Children of the Nursery School of Textil Verpackung, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 9; Petitions from autoworkers, CPUSA Records, Box 139, Folder 7; FDJ factory workers to Angela Davis, December 22, 1970, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 1.

48 Photo of FDJ members petitioning at a table in a high school, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 7; Dresden FDJ, postcards to Angela Davis, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 1; High school petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 12; Petition from a high school drama class, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 3; high school petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 15 and 16; greeting card, Schwarze Schwester Angela, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder18.

49 Kathleen Reinhardt interview with Catrin Lorch, “It Was Perfect,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 12, 2020; Kimberly Bradley, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/arts/design/angela-davis-exhibition-dresden.html?referringSource=articleShare October 27, 2020, Accessed October 27, 2020.

50 Petition from Dillstadt high school students, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Petition from the Schiller School, Weimar, September 21, 1971, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Poster/petition from Theo Neubauer-Oberschule, Bad Salzungen (Thuringia), n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 263, Folder 4; Bernd Leipert to New York Committee to Free Angela Davis, February 21, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 13; student petitions, letters, and cards, n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 26; Poster/petition from Theo Neubauer-Obverschule, Bad Salzungen (Thuringia), n.d., CPUSA Records, Box 263, Folder 4.

51 Petition from fifth-graders, Grete-Unrein-Schule, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; children’s petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 12; Handmade greeting card from 7th graders, “We Stand By Your Side,” n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 5; Petition including eight members of the Fleckstein family, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8; “1,000 Roses for Angela,” 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 13; bound petitions, 1971-1972, CPUSA Records, Box 137, Folder 11; birthday cards to Angela Davis on her 28th birthday, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 5;birthday cards to Angela Davis, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 25; Class 5E, “We wish you a happy 27th birthday, 1971, CPUSA Records, Box 263, Folder 5; birthday card from fourth-graders, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 7.

52 Erika Augustat to Angela Davis, n.d., Gunter Clemens to Angela Davis, n.d., Regina Viebranz to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 2; “Stephan” to Angela Davis, n.d., Gerlinde Appelhagen to Angela Davis, Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 2; Marita Deichmann to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, Rita Smyk to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, Christine Modrack to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, Ramona Klingbeil to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, Peter Schumann to Angela Davis, March 8, 1972, CPUSA Records, Box 138, Folder 1; Lilke Karsten to Angela Davis, n.d.,, Ulrich Knoll to Angela Davis, n.d., Alliance Collection, Box 1, Folder 8.

53 Angela Davis to Klaus Steiniger, April 26, 1972, in Steiniger, Angela Davis: Eine Frau schreibt Geschichte, Berlin, 2010, photo section.

54 Ernst Hiemer, Der Giftplitz (The Poisonous Mushroom), Nurnburg, 1938; Erika Mann, School for Barbarians, New York, 1938; Hermann Rauschning, Voice of Destruction: Conversations with Hitler, NY, 1940, 251-252.

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