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Original Articles

Poverty's Numbing Effect on Collective Action: A Case Study of Squatter Settlers in Lima, Peru

Pages 851-867 | Published online: 03 Jan 2013
 

Abstract

Current scholarship in Latin America discusses at length how the presence of certain factors promotes collective action of the poor in Latin America. However, this article examines how a lack of these factors restrains the participatory capacity of the poor. Older scholarship that explicitly connects poverty and a lack of collective action is integrated with contemporary theoretical concepts to identify a lack of social capital as a limiting factor on the participatory capacity of the poor. A case study of squatter settlers in Lima, Peru illustrates how heightened poverty and exclusion among the poor in the neoliberal age undermine the development of social capital on which collective mobilization is founded. Despite intense grievances with poverty and the resulting exclusion of their children from public education, settlers do not consider collective action as a way of addressing these shared problems.

Los estudios actuales en Latinoamรฉrica tratan en detalle, cรณmo la presencia de ciertos factores promueve la acciรณn colectiva de los pobres en Amรฉrica Latina. Sin embargo, este artรญculo examina cรณmo una ausencia de estos factores restringe la capacidad participativa de los pobres. Estudios anteriores que conectan explรญcitamente la pobreza a una ausencia de acciรณn colectiva, forman parte de los conceptos teรณricos contemporรกneos que identifican una carencia de capital social, como un factor limitante en la capacidad participativa de los pobres. Un estudio sobre ocupantes sin tรญtulo en Lima, Perรบ ilustra cรณmo la pobreza mayor y la exclusiรณn entre los pobres en la era neoliberal, minan el desarrollo del capital social, en el que se instituye la movilizaciรณn colectiva. A pesar de las intensas reivindicaciones con la pobreza, resultando en la exclusiรณn de sus niรฑos de la educaciรณn pรบblica, los colonos no consideran la acciรณn colectiva como una forma de enfrentar esos problemas comunes.

็›ฎๅ‰ๆ‹‰็พŽ็š„ๅญฆๆœฏ็ ”็ฉถๅฐฑ็‰นๅฎšๅ› ็ด ็š„ๅญ˜ๅœจๅฆ‚ไฝ•ไฟƒ่ฟ›ๆ‹‰็พŽ็ฉทไบบ็š„้›†ไฝ“่กŒๅŠจ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†่ฏฆ็ป†็š„่ฎจ่ฎบใ€‚็„ถ่€Œ๏ผŒๆœฌๆ–‡ๅดๆŽข่ฎจไบ†่ฟ™ไบ›ๅ› ็ด ็š„็ผบๅคฑๅฆ‚ไฝ•ๆŠ‘ๅˆถไบ†็ฉทไบบ็š„ๅ‚ไธŽ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€‚่ฟ‡ๅŽป็š„ๅญฆๆœฏ็ ”็ฉถๆ˜Ž็กฎๅฐ†่ดซๅ›ฐไธŽ้›†ไฝ“่กŒๅŠจ็š„็ผบๅคฑ็›ธ่”็ณป๏ผŒ่ฟ™ไบ›็ ”็ฉถไธŽๅฝ“ไปฃ็š„็†่ฎบๆฆ‚ๅฟต็›ธ็ป“ๅˆ๏ผŒไปฅ่ฏๆ˜Ž็คพไผš่ต„ๆœฌ็š„็ผบไนๆ˜ฏ็ฉทไบบๅ‚ไธŽ่ƒฝๅŠ›็š„ไธ€ไธช้™ๅˆถๆ€งๅ› ็ด ใ€‚ๅฏน็ง˜้ฒๅˆฉ้ฉฌๆฃšๆˆทๅฑ…ๆฐ‘็š„ๆกˆไพ‹็ ”็ฉถ่กจๆ˜Ž๏ผŒๅœจๆ–ฐ่‡ช็”ฑไธปไน‰ๆ—ถไปฃ๏ผŒๆทฑๅบฆ่ดซๅ›ฐๅ’Œ่ดซๆฐ‘ไธญ็š„ๆŽ’ๆ–ฅๆ˜ฏๅฆ‚ไฝ•ๅฑๅฎณ็คพไผš่ต„ๆœฌๅ‘ๅฑ•็š„๏ผŒ่€Œ็คพไผš่ต„ๆœฌๆญฃๆ˜ฏ้›†ไฝ“่กŒๅŠจ็š„ๅŸบ็ก€ใ€‚ๅฐฝ็ฎกๅฎšๅฑ…่€…ๅฏน่ดซๅ›ฐๅŠ็”ฑๆญคๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ๅ…ถๅญๅฅณ่ขซๆŽ’้™คไบŽๅ…ฌๅ…ฑๆ•™่‚ฒไน‹ๅค–ๆžๅ…ถไธๆปก๏ผŒไฝ†ไป–ไปฌๅนถไธๅฐ†้›†ไฝ“่กŒๅŠจ่ง†ไธบ่งฃๅ†ณๅ…ถๅ…ฑๅŒ้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€‚

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ•ฉํ–‰๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋™์›์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋นˆ๊ณค์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

Notes

The name of the settlement has been changed.

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