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Research Article

Rhythm and Rhetoric in Sor Juana: Primero sueño and romance decasílabo

 

Notes

1 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Obras completas, ed. Alfonso Méndez Plancarte & Alberto G. Salceda, 4 vols (México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1951–1957), I, 93, ll. 22–24. Ovid relates a confrontation with his father in which the poet defended his determination to versify by claiming to be unable to speak in prose (OC, I, 407, note to l. 23). Henceforth quotations from Sor Juana’s work will be from this edition, in the form volume number, page reference and, where applicable, line number, and will be included parenthetically within the main text.

2 Susan Stewart, Poetry and the Fate of the Senses (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2002), 12 & 69.

3 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Inundación castálida, de la única poetisa, musa décima, soror Juana Inés de la Cruz que en varios metros idiomas y estilos fertiliza varios assumptos con elegantes sutiles claros ingeniosos útiles versos para enseñanza recreo y admiración. (Madrid: Juan García Infanzón, 1689); available at <http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/inundacion-castalida--0/html/> (accessed 13 January 2023).

4 Elias L. Rivers, ‘The Syntax and Versification of a Dream’, in Esta, de nuestra América pupila. Estudios de poesía colonial, ed. Georgina Sabat de Rivers, Calíope. Journal of the Society for Renaissance and Baroque Hispanic Poetry, 4:1–2 (1998), 208–14 (p. 208).

5 Sarah Finley, Hearing Voices: Aurality and New Spanish Sound Culture in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Lincoln, NE: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2019), 155–56.

6 See Josefina Ludmer, ‘Tretas del débil’, in La sartén por el mango: encuentro de escritoras latinoamericanas, ed. Patricia González & Eliana Ortega (Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1984), 47–54.

7 Elías Trabulse, ‘El silencio final de Sor Juana’, Revista de la Universidad de México 52:559 (1997), 11–18. Since the 1980s, documents indicating that Sor Juana managed the convent’s finances until her death and sent a series of riddles in verse, the Enigmas ofrecidos a la Casa del Placer, composed for the nuns of a Portuguese convent, have complicated the biographical narrative of complete abnegation. See Marie-Cécile Bénassy-Berling, ‘The Afterlife of a Polemic: Conflicts and Discoveries Regarding Sor Juana’s Letters’, in The Routledge Research Companion to the Works of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, ed. Emilie L. Bergmann & Stacey Schlau (Oxford: Routledge, 2017), 122–32.

8 Francisco Ramírez Santacruz, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: la resistencia del deseo (Madrid: Cátedra, 2019), 78–79.

9 Juan Ignacio de Castorena y Ursúa, ‘Prólogo a quien leyere’ (1700), in Antonio Alatorre Sor Juana a través de los siglos (16681910), 2 vols (México D.F.: El Colegio de México/UNAM, 2007), I, 1668–1852, 306–16 (p. 306).

10 Tomás Navarro Tomás, Los poetas en sus versos: desde Jorge Manrique a García Lorca (Barcelona: Ariel, 1973), 165.

11 Frederick Luciani, Literary Self-Fashioning in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Lewisburg: Bucknell U. P., 2004), 20.

12 Stephanie Merrim, Early Modern Women’s Writing and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Nashville: Vanderbilt U. P., 1999), 55.

13 Dorothy Clotelle Clarke, ‘Importancia de la versificación en Sor Juana’, Revista Iberoamericana, 17:33 (1951), 27–31 (p. 30).

14 Diego Calleja, ‘Aprobación’, in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Fama, y obras póstumas (México D.F.: UNAM, 1995), 28 [facsimile of the edition published in Barcelona in 1700 by Manuel Ruiz de Murga].

15 Elias L. Rivers, ‘La problemática silva española’, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 36:1 (1988), 249–60 (p. 253).

16 Rivers, ‘The Syntax and Versification of a Dream’, 213.

17 José Pascual Buxó, ‘Sor Juana and Luis de Góngora: The Poetics of Imitatio’, in Baroque New Worlds: Representation, Transculturation, Counterconquest, ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora & Monika Kaup (Durham, NC: Duke U. P., 2010), 353–93 (p. 361); Verónica Grossi, Sigilosos v(u)elos epistemológicos en Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Madrid: Iberoamericana/Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert, 2007), 38.

18 Maya Feile Tomes, ‘The Other Arena: Poetics Goes Global in the Iberian Atlantic, 1500–1650’, Classical Receptions Journal, 13:1 (2021), 126–48 (pp. 133 & 135; emphasis in original).

19 Juan Montero Delgado & Pedro Ruiz Pérez, ‘La silva entre el metro y el género’, in La silva, ed. Begoña López Bueno (Sevilla: Univ. de Sevilla, 1991), 19–56 (p. 41).

20 Rivers, ‘La problemática silva española’, 253–54; Eugenio Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito: las silvas’, Edad de Oro, 2 (1983), 13–48 (p. 17).

21 Montero Delgado & Ruiz Pérez, ‘La silva entre el metro y el género’, 41 & 44.

22 Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito’, 30 & 33.

23 Of Francisco de Quevedo’s thirty-six silvas, fourteen are silvas estacianas, with stanzas and regular rhyme; in his silvas métricas, he adhered to the pattern of the pre-1613 silva métrica (Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito’, 34–35). See also: Hilaire Kallendorf & Craig Kallendorf, ‘Conversations with the Dead: Quevedo and Statius, Annotation and Imitation’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 63:1 (2000), 131–68. Nadine Ly suggests that Góngora created a new, influential, poetic genre, derived from the silva, the soledad, with distinct metrical, formal and thematic characteristics. See Nadine Ly, ‘Las Soledades: “ … Esta poesía inútil … ” ’, Criticón, 30 (1985), 7–42 (p. 19).

24 Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito’, 31.

25 Juan de Jáuregui, Antídoto contra la pestilente poesía de las ‘Soledades’, aplicado a su autor para defenderle de sí mismo (1615), in Documentos gongorinos: los ‘Discursos apologéticos’ de Pedro Díaz de Rivas. ‘El Antídoto’ de Juan de Jáuregui, ed. Eunice Joiner Gates (México D.F.: Colegio de México, 1960), 69–140.

26 George Anthony Thomas, The Politics and Poetics of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012), 47. Thomas points out that the poem’s focus is on poetics and American writers rather than military deeds (48–49).

27 Alessandra Luiselli, ‘Sobre el peligroso arte de tirar el guante: la ironía de Sor Juana hacia los virreyes de Galve’, Los empeños: ensayos en homenaje a Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, ed. Sergio Fernández (México D.F.: UNAM, 1995), 93–144.

28 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Neptuno alegórico, ed. Electa Arenal & Vincent Martin (Madrid: Cátedra, 2009), 45.

29 María Teresa Hernando Cano, Eva María Redondo Ecija & Francisco J. Martínez Ruiz, ‘Selectae silvae: pequeño muestrario de un gran laberinto’, in La silva, ed. López Bueno, 57–86 (p. 75). In the silvas métricas studied by these scholars, the proportion of heptasyllables ranges 10% to over 40%; in Góngora’s Soledad primera, it is 34.5% and in Soledad segunda, 28% (58, 66 & 67).

30 Alessandra Luiselli, ‘Primero sueño: Heresy and Knowledge’, in The Routledge Research Companion to the Works of Sor Juana, ed. Bergmann & Schlau, 176–88 (p. 178).

31 Luis de Góngora y Argote, Obras completas, ed. Antonio Carreira (Madrid: Fundación José Antonio de Castro, 2000), 338, ll. 39–40. Méndez Plancarte also cites lines 806–07 of Soledad I, in his notes to Primero sueño (OC, I, 582), but the resonance is not as striking.

32 Stewart, Poetry and the Fate of the Senses, 65; emphasis in original.

33 Stewart, Poetry and the Fate of the Senses, 69.

34 Georgina Sabat de Rivers, El ‘Sueño’ de sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: tradiciones literarias y originalidad (London: Tamesis, 1976), 55–73.

35 Rosa Perelmuter Pérez, Noche intelectual: la oscuridad intelectual en ‘Primero sueño’ (México D.F.: UNAM/Centro de Estudios Literarios, 1982).

36 Octavio Paz, Sor Juana o Las trampas de la fe (México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982), 474.

37 Elias L. Rivers, ‘Soledad de Góngora y Sueño de sor Juana’, Salina. Revista de Lletres, 10 (1996), 69–75 (p. 74).

38 Paz, Sor Juana o Las trampas de la fe, 470.

39 See Verónica Grossi, ‘Apuntes para una lectura intertextual del Primero sueño de Sor Juana y las Soledades de Góngora’, Letras Femeninas, 35:11 (2009), 127–48.

40 Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito’, 30. The reference is to Góngora's Soledades. See Luis de Góngora y Argote, Soledades, ed. Robert Jammes (Madrid: Castalia, 1994), 217–35 and 351–69.

41 Rivers, ‘The Syntax and Versification of a Dream’, 211.

42 Rosa Perelmuter, ‘La situación enunciativa del Primero sueño’, Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos, 11:1 (1986), 185–91 (p. 190).

43 Rivers, ‘The Syntax and Versification of a Dream’, 212.

44 Regarding Sor Juana’s command of the skills of argumentation, see Rosa Perelmuter, Los límites de la femineidad en sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: estrategias retóricas y recepción literaria (Madrid: Iberoamericana/Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert, 2004), 17–41, which expands on her groundbreaking article, ‘La estructura retórica de la Repuesta a sor Filotea’, Hispanic Review, 51:2 (1983), 147–59.

45 Two video recordings of Jesusa Rodríguez’s performances are available online. These include a 59-minute performance of lines 1–570 and 959–75, recorded in Buenos Aires in 2007: Sor Juana Striptease (Hemispheric Institute Video Library, <https://hdl.handle.net/2333.1/hx3ffbr3>); and an 81-minute performance of the poem in its entirety recorded in Chiapas in 2009: ‘Primero sueño’ de Sor Juana en FOMMA (2009) (<https://hemisphericinstitute.org/en/hidvl-collections/elhabito-performances/item/2571-jesusa-sor-juana.html>) (both accessed 25 May 2022).

46 Isabel Gómez, ‘The Sor Juana Striptease by Jesusa Rodríguez: Gestural Translation and Embodied Protest as Knowledge Production’, Hispanic Journal, 38:2 (2017), 145–62 (pp. 152–53).

47 Asensio, ‘Un Quevedo incógnito’, 33.

48 Paz, Sor Juana o Las trampas de la fe, 483.

49 Rivers, ‘The Syntax and Versification of a Dream’, 212–13.

50 Gerardo Diego, Antología poética en honor de Góngora: desde Lope de Vega a Rubén Darío (Madrid: Alianza, 1979 [1ª ed. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1927]), 47.

51 See Nancy J. Vickers, ‘Diana Described: Scattered Woman and Scattered Rhyme’, Critical Inquiry, 8:2 (1981), 265–79.

52 Georgina Sabat de Rivers, ‘Sor Juana: la tradición clásica del retrato poético’, in her Estudios de literatura hispanoamericana: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz y otros poetas barrocos de la Colonia (Barcelona: PPU, 1992), 207–23 (p. 221).

53 Martha Lilia Tenorio, ‘ “Copia divina”: la tradición del retrato femenino en la lírica de sor Juana’, Literatura Mexicana, 5:1 (1994), 5–29 (p. 17).

54 Sabat de Rivers, ‘Sor Juana: la tradición clásica del retrato poético’, 219. On the romance decasílabo, see Georgina Sabat de Rivers, ‘Sor Juana: diálogo de retratos’, Revista Iberoamericana, 48:120–21 (1982), 703–13.

55 See Luciani, Literary Self-Fashioning in Sor Juana, 33–47.

56 Nina M. Scott, ‘ “Ser mujer ni estar ausente / no es de amarte impedimento”: los poemas de sor Juana a la condesa de Paredes’, in ‘Y diversa de mí misma entre vuestras plumas ando’: homenaje internacional a Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (México D.F.: El Colegio de México, 1993), 159–69.

57 Tenorio, ‘ “Copia divina” ’, 17–18. The annotation precedes Romance 16, ‘Pues vuestro Esposo, Señora’, (OC, I, 48–50), which is ostensibly a birthday poem to the Condesa’s husband, but includes references to amorous captivity: ‘por vos arrojaré mi / libertad por la ventana’ (ll. 39–40).

58 Paz, Sor Juana o Las trampas de la fe, 287.

59 Amanda Powell, ‘Passionate Advocate: Sor Juana, Feminisms, and Sapphic Loves’, in The Routledge Companion to the Works of Sor Juana, ed. Bergmann & Schlau, 63–77 (p. 75).

60 Emilie L. Bergmann, ‘The Sueño of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Dreaming in a Double Voice’, in Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America, ed. Emilie L. Bergmann et al. (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1990), 151–72.

61 In the relatively subdued recording available online, Ofelia Medina clarifies the phrasing and follows the enjambements rather than emphasizing the esdrújulos: Ofelina Medina, ‘Lámina sirva el cielo al retrato’, Palabra Virtual. Audio y video en poesía y literatura (2004), <https://www.palabravirtual.com/index.php?ir=ver_voz.php&wid=1421&t=L%E1mina±sirva±el±Cielo±al±retrato...&p=Sor±Juana±In%E9s±de±la±Cruz> (accessed 17 July 2021).

* Disclosure Statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

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