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Original Articles

VISIÓN AND MIRADA IN THE POETRY OF SALINAS, GUILLÉN AND DÁMASO ALONSO

Pages 103-112 | Published online: 22 Feb 2011
 

Abstract

Salinas' contempt for visual impressions is one aspect of a literary pose already assumed at the beginning of his career and faithfully maintained thereafter: that of the poet who distils and wholly re-fashions his contacts with reality. In one of the early poems in Presagios he catches sight of a fruit hanging from a tree, and immediately blames his eyes for their superficiality in seeing only its exterior; closing them, he transforms his hand into a mano de ciego, aspiring to bypass that exterior in quest of the invisible, untouchable essence of the fruit.

Notes

1References to Salinas' poetry are to Poesías completas (Madrid 1955), abbreviated to PC. References to Dámaso Alonso's poetry are to Oscura noticia y Hombre y Dios (Austral), abbreviated to ON and HD. References to Guillén's poetry are to Cántico (Buenos Aires 1950), abbreviated to C, and to Maremàgnum (Buenos Aires 1957) abbreviated to M.

2The poetry of oral tradition also distinguishes between ojos del cuerpo and ojos del alma:

con los ojos del alma os veo,

con los ojos del cuerpo por vos

lloraré, pues quiso Dios.

Los ojos del suelo

lo humano verán,

los del alma van

viendo a Dios del cielo . . .

J. Cejador y Frauca, La verdadera poesía castellana (Madrid 1921–24), III, no. 1617; IV, no. 2195.

1For Salinas mirar is sterile, whereas soñar, pensar and inventar procreate the “ figura ciones ”, “ espectros ”, “ sombras ” and “criaturas falsas” (PC, 184-85) whose company he prefers to that of the arnada who was their living model.

1This apt phrase is Guillén's (quoted by E. Dehennin, Passion d'absolu et tension expressive dans l'oeuvre poétique de Pedro Salinas, Gand 1957, 115). In La estación violenta (Mexico 1958), a work reminiscent of Salinas' poetry in its emphasis on ojos cerrados and mundo ciego, Octavio Paz writes of his “ mirada interior ” (48).

2Cf. too PC, 82, 87, 158, 251, 254. And note these lines of Víspera del gozo (Madrid 1926): “ Sería ridículo decir que me ha cerrado el paso a su alma. No; la ha puesto, generosamente, precipitada, encima de su carne, más desnuda que el cuerpo mismo, visible y sin misterio. Tanto, que va no la veo …” (136); “veo, revelación final y cegadora …” (154).

2 La verdadera poesia castellana, III, no. 1183; I, no. 1093. The second quotation (which continues: “ciego estoy por ti/y así, Niño hermoso,/mira por mí, pues eres mis ojos”) shows how easily poets could turn the ver-no ver conceit and the ojos =amado image a lo divino. San Juan's warning that “nosotros no andamos por ver, sino por no ver” is another example (quoted by J. Baruzi, Saint Jean de la Croix et le problème de l'expérience mystique, Paris 1924, 300, n. 4).

3 Cantes flamencos, 125.

4Quevedo, Obras en verso (Madrid 1952), 36a. The conceit is not always as compact; in La vida es sueño Calderón embroiders it over ten lines (11. 223-32, ed. Clásicos Castellanos, Madrid 1955).

1Compare Salinas’ querer-no querer juegos with these of the fifteenth-century and flamenco poets who loved to manipulate it:

Lo que queremos nos quiere, aunque no quiera querernos.

Vel querer siente, asombrado,

que ganó lo que quería,

que le quieren sin querer,

a fuerza de estar queriendo.  (PC, 225, 226)

Si no me queréis, no quiero

que este mi querer os quiera . . .

La verdadera poesia castellana, IV, no. 2313.

Quiero y no quiero querer,

V estoy sin querer queriendo.

A. Machado y Alvarez, Cantes flamencos (Austral), 136.

2Guillén's eyes are, to use Ortega's phrase, “ojos en pasmo”: “Todo en el mundo es extraño y es maravilloso para unas pupilas bien abiertas. Esto, maravillarse, es la delicia vedada al futbolista, y que, en cambio, lleva al intelectual por el mundo en perpetua embriaguez de visionario. Su atributo son los ojos en pasmo” (Le rebelión de las masas, Madrid 1952, 30).

3Contrast Guillén's ecstatic contemplation with Salinas’ bored glances (“Solamente costumbre”, PC, 268), and with the indifference shown by Guillen's own distraído, who is so like Salinas: “¿ Por qué me miran tanto/Los álamos./Si apenas los ve mi costumbre?” (C, 191-92). In their poetry Salinas and Guillén often seem to be conducting a debate: “tú vas vestida/ con los cendales de lo nunca visto”, says Salinas to his amada (PC, 385); “ Persona y. luz; un alma nunca ciega, / Realisima ante todos, evidente ”, states Guillén (C, 376). And Guillén continues the coloquio with his distraído, putting into his mouth a conceit akin to those of Salinas: “Sin mirar contemplando, /Aquí no, más allá de la mirada/ Sí veo” (C, 192). Cf. J. González Muela, “Poesía v amistad: Jorge Guillén y Pedro Salinas”, BHS, XXXV (1958), 28-33.

1La mirada de admiración

En ese tan visible escote

Cae como carta en buzón.  (M, 103)

1“Poseo-no soñando-su hermosura” (C, 159); “Corrompe tanto soñar” (C, 494); “ Vida no es sueño, lo juro” (M, 134); “Vivir no es soñar” (M, 159).

2 Obras completas (Madrid 1956), 43.

1 I wish to thank Professor Stephen Reckert for his comments on the typescript of this article.

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