Effectiveness of mRNA, protein subunit vaccine and viral vectors vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Vaccines prevent disease and disability; save lives and represent a good assessment of health interventions. Several systematic reviews on the efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines have been published, but the immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines should also be addressed.

Areas covered

This systemic investigation sought to explain the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of new vaccination technologies against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old. Original research studying the effectiveness on mRNA, protein subunit vaccines, and viral vector vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in people over 18 years old was analyzed. Several databases (Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and EMBASE) were searched between 2012 and November 2022 for English-language papers using text and MeSH terms related to SARS-CoV-2, mechanism, protein subunit vaccine, viral vector, and mRNA. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO, CRD42022341952. Study quality was assessed using the NICE methodology. We looked at a total of six original articles. All studies gathered and presented quantitative data.

Expert opinion

Our results suggest that new vaccinations could have more than 90% efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of the technology used. Furthermore, adverse reactions go from mild to moderate, and good immunogenicity can be observed for all vaccine types.

KEYWORDS:

• Coronavirus
• COVID vaccines
• number of doses
• vaccination
• vaccine efficacy
• vaccine platforms

Article highlights

• New technologies for vaccines have a high degree of adaptableness and produce robust cellular and humoral immune responses.

• The mRNA-1273 and ChAdOx1 vaccines have an efficacy greater than 90% and >50% against SARS-CoV-2, respectively.

• mRNA, protein subunit vaccine and viral vectors vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 can cause adverse reactions from mild to moderate.

• The vaccines based on mRNA, protein subunit and viral vectors against SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a strong and rapid immunogenicity profile and prevent early intracellular stimulation of interferon-associated genes.

Acknowledgments

Authors thanks to SmartC-BIOREN (Service Management Analytical Research and Training Center), CCSS210005 Project, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID) for English Editing Services; and Programa de Formación de Investigadores Postdoctorales 2022, Universidad de La Frontera for design support.

Declaration of Interest

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or material discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or mending, or royalties.

Reviewer disclosures

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis, and interpretation of the relevant literature, writing, as well as the creation of this manuscript and the associated enhancements. Before submission, all authors had full access to the data analysis and gave their final approval of the paper and the associated enhancements.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2023.2156861

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.