Ultrasonographic assessment of mediastinal shift angle (MSA) in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia for the prediction of postnatal survival

Abstract

Objectives: To quantify mediastinal shift in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), by the introduction of a new ultrasonographic (US) marker, defined as mediastinal shift angle (MSA) and to evaluate its ability in predicting postnatal survival at discharge.

Methods: Twenty-four consecutive fetuses from singleton pregnancies with isolated left-sided CDH were included in the study group and then subdivided into group A (16 survivors) and group B (8 nonsurvivors). The study group was matched with a control group of 95 fetuses from singleton pregnancies free from structural and/or chromosomal anomalies. On the same US stored images commonly used for lung-to-head ratio (LHR) measurement, a landmark line was drawn from a point on the posterior face of the vertebral body, splitting it into two equal parts, to the mid-posterior surface of the sternum. Another landmark line was then traced from the same point of the vertebral body to touch tangentially the lateral wall of the right atrium. The angle between these two lines was used to quantify mediastinal shift and called “mediastinal shift angle” (MSA).

Results: Median MSA was significantly different between group A (34.3° range 29.3–45.9°) and group B (42.7° range 34.1–58.9°) (p < .001) and between study group as a whole and the control group (19° range 13.8–25.9°) (p < .001). Statistical analysis confirmed an inverse correlation between MSA values and survival (p = .004). The best cutoff value for MSA was 43.7°, which demonstrated the highest discriminatory power (sensitivity 63%; specificity 93.75%).

Conclusions: In fetuses with isolated CDH, the mediastinal shift may be quantified using mediastinal shift angle (MSA) and this US marker, similarly to the widely accepted and used US prenatal prognostic indicators (LHR and O/E LHR), seems to reliably predict survival.

Keywords:

• Angle
• CDH
• congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• mediastinal shift
• MSA

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge Anna Piro for her outstanding technical help. Anita Romiti would like to offer a special thanks to Dr. Giuseppe Campagna who has always believed in my abilities and to Prof Alexandra Benachi for all that she has given me.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.