Initial validation of the diagnostic performance of Thymic-Thoracic Ratio as a marker of conotruncal abnormalities and for prediction of surgical prognosis in fetuses without 22q11.2 deletion

Abstract

Aim

The present study aimed to perform an initial validation of the Thymic-Thoracic Ratio as a sonographic marker of conotruncal defects in non-syndromic fetuses and to assess the possible correlation between the grade of thymic hypoplasia and the severity of conotruncal defects.

Methods

The study was conducted between January and June 2018 on singleton pregnant women who underwent fetal echocardiography at our institution. Fetuses with a diagnosis of conotruncal defects without 22q11.2 deletion composed the study group, while healthy appropriate for gestational age fetuses composed the control group. The Thymic-Thoracic Ratio was measured in all included fetuses and compared between the study and control group. A ROC curve analysis to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Thymic-Thoracic Ratio toward the diagnosis of conotruncal defects was performed, with determination of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. The severity of conotruncal defects was defined with the Aristotle score in each newborn who underwent a surgical operation. The correlation between Thymic-Thoracic Ratio and Aristotle score was assessed.

Results

During the study period, 23 fetuses with conotruncal defects without 22q11.2 deletion constituted the study group, and 67 healthy appropriate for gestational age fetuses were included in the control group. The T-T ratio of the study group was significantly lower than the control group (0.32 ± 0.08 vs. 0.41 ± 0.08, p < .001). The ROC curve analysis showed an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.89, p < .001) and a T-T ratio cutoff value of 0.35 for the identification of a CTD, with a sensibility of 73.9% (95% CI: 51.6–89.8%), a specificity of 79.1% (95% CI: 67.4–88.1%) a PPV of 54.8% (95% CI: 41.8–67.3%), a NPV of 89.8% (95% CI: 81.5–94.7), a positive likelihood ratio of 3.54 (95% CI 2.09–5.98), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.33 (95% CI 0.16–0.66). A negative correlation between Aristotle score and T-T ratio was found, with a Kendall-Tau coefficient of −0.41, p = .04.

Conclusion

T-T ratio measurement could be useful to identify fetuses at higher risk of conotruncal heart diseases, even without chromosomic deletion, with a cutoff of 0.35. Since a lower T-T ratio seems to be related to a worse surgical neonatal prognosis, it could be possible to provide effective counseling and refer patients to high-specialized centers for fetal echocardiography and cardiac surgery.

Keywords:

• Conotruncal defects
• thymic hypoplasia
• thymic-thoracic ratio
• fetal echocardiography
• cardiac surgery

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.