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Astropolitics
The International Journal of Space Politics & Policy
Volume 17, 2019 - Issue 3
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Space Manufacturing and Trade: Addressing Regulatory Issues

 

ABSTRACT

Space manufacturing is an expectation since the rise of the space age. Because of shifts in both national and global space policies, along with accidents and loss of human life in space missions, the idea of space manufacturing was postponed. Today, it is viable due to the maturity of efficient reusable launch technologies and an emergent space renaissance in the commercialization and privatization of space activities. Manufacturing in space carries a promise of new products and improved articles of manufacture. At the same time, there are legal problems to address prior to capital investment in space manufacturing. The problems stem from the lack of proper regulation, and the duality of the two legal systems of international space law and patent law. Both systems are crucial to the development of a framework for space manufacturing operations, which are currently in an early experimental phase. The author argues that international space law requires the creation of new doctrines that aligns with patent law, ensuring proper recognition of products manufactured and traded in outer space, especially those that are manufactured using space resources.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

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43. This to prevent the blast from a space launch to raise regolith or rocks, which can cause serious damage to surface equipment.

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46. Unless a specific act would state otherwise.

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56. Microfilm scans available online at https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002755825.

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58. Article 2 of The Law of 2017 on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources; http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/joTh.

59. H.R.3610 – American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act of 2019.

60. H.R.2809 – American Space Commerce Free Enterprise Act of 2017.

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73. Although Gallowey notes that there were some concerns over including solar radiation into this cathegory, in the context of Space Power Satellites; E. Galloway, “Space Manufacturing And The Proposed Agreement” … : 58.

74. D. Yarn, “The Transfer of Technology and UNCLOSIII,” Georgia journal of International and Comparative Law 14 (1984): 121–53.

75. “ … to make available to the enterprise on fair and reasonable commercial terms and conditions, whenever the authority so requests, the technology which he uses in carrying out activities in the area under the contract, which the contractor is legally entitled to transfer. This shall be done by means of licenses or other appropriate arrangements which the contractor shall negotiate with the enterprise and which shall be set forth in a specific agreement supplementary to the contract. This undertaking may be invoked only if the enterprise finds that it is unable to obtain the same or equally efficient and useful technology on the open market on fair and reasonable commercial terms and conditions”. Annex III Article 5 of UNCLOS, 1984.

77. Draft Building Blocks.

78. Ibid.

79. Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981).

80. Mayo v. Prometheus, 566 U.S. 66 (2012).

81. Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., 569 U.S. 576 (2013).

82. Molniya orbit satellite systems, apparatus, and methods; US7840180.

83. Intellectual Property Office Guidance: Examining patent applications relating to chemical inventions https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/examining-patent-applications-relating-to-chemical-inventions/examining-patent-applications-relating-to-chemical-inventions-may-2017; also Intellectual Property Office Examination Guidelines for Patent Applications relating to Biotechnological Inventions in the Intellectual Property Office https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512614/Guidelines-for-Patent-Applications-Biotech.pdf.

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86. Including synthetic biology and xenobiology.

87. Inseparable blend of soft robotics and biological organisms, see F.J. Dyson, Infinite in all Directions (Harper & Row, 1988): 196–20.

88. W. Brees, “Protecting Innocent Infringers of Naturally Reproducing Patented Organisms,” Stetson J. Advoc. & L. (2015) 2:179.

89. 35 U.S. Code § 112 (f).

90. T. R. Holbrook, “Extraterritoriality in U.S. Patent Law,” 49 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2119 (2008), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol49/iss6/5.

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92. Hughes Aircraft Company, Plaintiff, V. United States Of America, Defendant. No. 426-73 United States Court Of Federal Claims 29 Fed. Cl. 197 August 16, 1993, Decided; http://www.spacelaw.olemiss.edu/library/space/US/Judicial/Federal/CtFedCl/29%20Fed%20Cl%20197%20-%20Hughes%20v%20US.pdf.

93. Article 5ter of the Paris convention.

94. 35 U.S. Code § 272. Temporary presence in the United States.

95. Sub par (j) reads: Objects Intended for Launch, Launched, or Assembled in Outer Space. – Any object intended for launch, launched, or assembled in outer space shall be considered a vehicle for the purpose of section 272 of title 35.

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