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Articles

Humanistic experience and psychodynamic understanding: empirical associations among facets of self-actualization and psychological mindedness

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Pages 137-148 | Received 16 Jan 2014, Accepted 21 Oct 2014, Published online: 13 Dec 2014
 

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate empirical connections between humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis by exploring a single measurable construct from each discipline. Specifically, we examined the relationship between self-actualization (SA) and psychological mindedness (PM). A cross-sectional design was selected to explore interrelations among study variables at a single timepoint. The participants were 204 students enrolled at midsize Eastern (Fordham) and Western (Boise State) US universities. Participant volunteers filled out the following measures: the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PM Scale), the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BPIM), the Brief Index of Self-Actualization – Revised (BISA-R), and the Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA) along with a demographic form. SA and PM were not affected by demographic variables of age, gender, or ethnicity/race but were strongly and positively associated with one another. This study establishes empirical connections between humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis at the construct level. These connections have disciplinary and interdisciplinary implications.

Humanistische Erfahrung und psychodynamisches Verstehen: empirische Assoziationen zwischen einer Facette der Selbst-Aktualisierung und einer zu psychologischer Sensibilität/Einsicht

Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die empirischen Verbindungen zwischen Humanistischer Psychologie und der Psychoanalyse zu ergründen. Ein einzelnes messbares Konstrukt der beiden Disziplinen wurde dabei untersucht. So untersuchten wir die Beziehung zwischen Selbst-Aktualisierung (SA) und psychologischer Sensibilität und Einsicht (psychological mindedness, PM). Ein Querschnitts-Design wurde gewählt, um die Verbindungen zwischen den Studienvariablen zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zu erheben. Die Teilnehmenden waren 204 Studierende zweier mittelgroßer US-amerikanischer Universitäten, Fordham im Osten und Boise State im Westen. Die freiwilligen Teilnehmer füllten die folgenden Fragebögen aus: Psychological Mindedness Scale (PM Scale), Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BPIM), Brief Index of Self-Actualization – Revised (BISA-R) und den Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA) zusammen mit einer Erhebung demografischer Angaben. SA und PM wurden von demographischen Variablen wie Alter, Geschlecht oder ethnischer Zugehörigkeit/Rasse nicht beeinflusst, aber waren stark und positiv miteinander verbunden. Diese Studie stellt empirische Verbindungen zwischen Humanistischer Psychologie und der Psychoanalyse auf der Konstruktebene fest. Diese Verbindungen haben sowohl innerdisziplinäre als auch interdisziplinäre Implikationen.

Experiencia humanística y comprensión psicodinámica: asociaciones empíricas entre las facetas de actualización del self y la mentalidad psicológica

la meta de este estudio fue investigar las conexiones empíricas entre la psicología humanística y el psicoanálisis mediante la exploración de un constructo medible único para cada disciplina. Examinamos específicamente la relación entre la actualización del self (SA) y la mentalidad psicológica (PM). Se selecciono un diseño transversal para explorar las interrelaciones entre las variables de estudio en un punto de tiempo único.

Los participantes fueron 204 estudiantes inscriptos en universidades de USA de mediano tamaño, del este (Fordham) y del oeste (Boise State). Los participantes voluntarios completaron las siguientes medidas: escala de mentalidad psicológica (PM Scale), índice balanceado de la mentalidad psicológica (BPIM), índice breve de auto actualización (BISA_R), y el índice breve de actualización del si mismo (SISA), al mismo tiempo que un formulario demográfico. SA y PM no fueron afectados por variables demográficas de edad, genero, etnicidad/raza, pero fueron fuerte y positivamente asociados uno con el otro. Este estudio establece conexiones empíricas entre la psicología humanística y el psicoanálisis a nivel del constructo. Estas conexiones tienen implicaciones disciplinarias e interdisciplinarias.

Expérience humaniste et compréhension psychanalytique : associations empiriques entre les aspects de l’actualisation de soi et de la disposition à la conscience psychologique

Le but de cette étude est d’investiguer les liens empiriques entre la psychologie humaniste et la psychanalyse en explorant un simple construct mesurable issu de chacune des disciplines. Plus précisément, nous examinons la relation entre l’actualisation du soi et la disposition à la conscience psychologique (psychological mindedness). Y ont participé 204 étudiants issus du centre-est (Fordham University) et de l’ouest (Boise State University) des État-Unis. Sur base volontaire, les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire démograhique et ont rempli les échelles suivantes : Psychological Mindedness Scale (PM Scale), Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BPIM), Brief Index of Self-Actualization – Revised (BISA-R), and the Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA). L’actualisation du soi et la disposition à la conscience psychologique n’ont pas été influencées par des variables démographiques d’âge, de genre ou d’origine ethnique mais ont été solidement et positivement associées l’une avec l’autre. Cette étude établit des liens empiriques entre la psychologie humaniste et la psychanalyse sur le plan du construct. Ces liens ont des implications propres à chaque discipline et ont des implications interdisciplinaires.

Experiência humanista e compreensão psicodinâmica: associações empíricas entre as facetas da auto-atualização e da auto-análise introspetiva (mindedness)

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as ligações empíricas entre a psicologia humanista e a psicanálise, através da exploração de um único contruto mensurável de cada uma das abordagens. Analisámos especificamente a relação entre a auto-atualização (AA) e a auto-análise introspetiva ou mindedness (AI). Optou-se pela metodologia transversal para explorar as inter-relações entre as variáveis em estudo num determinado ponto no tempo. Os participantes foram 204 estudantes inscritos em duas universidades americanas de dimensão média, Eastern (Fordham) e Western (Boise State). Os participantes voluntários preencheram as seguintes medidas Escala de Mindedness (PM Scale), Índice comparativo de Mindedness (BPIM), Índice Breve de Auto-Atualização - revisto (BISA-R) e Índice Resumido de Auto-Atualização (SISA), assim como uma ficha de dados demográficos. Os índices de SA e PM não foram afetados pelas variáveis demográficas, tais como: idade, género ou etnia/raça, mas relacionaram-se de forma positiva e forte entre si. Este estudo estabelece as ligações empíricas entre a psicologia humanista e a psicanálise, ao nível dos construtos. Essas ligações têm implicações disciplinares e inter-disciplinares.

Notes

1. Rogers’s version of SA differed from Maslow’s in several ways: For Rogers, SA was not embedded in a hierarchy of needs, was more process-oriented, and was not always positive (Bohart, Citation2013). The definition of SA that we employ in this paper is more in line with Maslow’s thinking.

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