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Original Articles

The destructive pattern: an experiential and existential theory-building case study

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Pages 1-18 | Received 04 Jul 2016, Accepted 10 Jul 2017, Published online: 07 Nov 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Darkness and destruction are as much part of human life as depression, anxiety, and joy are. However, humanistic therapies – and especially the person-centered approach – have not been very explicit about how to deal with clients who leave a trace of sexual and physical violence behind them. The theory-building case study of Bruno not only helps us to broaden our theoretical understanding about patterns of destructive functioning, but also shows how a sustained effort in fostering the therapeutic relationship and the experiential processing of painful traumatic experiences can lead to an improved affect regulation, self-soothing, and self-acceptance. On an interpersonal and existential level, the client’s growing capacity to listen to his unfulfilled existential needs made him aware of his yearning for human connection. It also created an openness to search for meaning in life and connect with others in a deeper and meaningful way.

Das destruktive Muster: eine experienziell und existenziell theoriebildende Fallstudie

Dunkelheit und Zerstörung sind so sehr Teil des menschlichen Lebens wie Depression, Angst und Freude. Humanistische Therapien hingegen – und insbesondere der Person zentrierte Ansatz – sind allerdings nicht sehr explizit dazu, wie man mit Klienten umgeht, die eine Spur von sexueller und körperlicher Gewalt hinter sich herziehen. Die theoriebildende Fallstudie von Bruno hilft uns nicht nur, unser theoretisches Verständnis über Muster destruktiven Funktionierens zu erweitern. Sie zeigt auch, wie ein nachhaltiges Bemühen um die therapeutische Beziehung und das experienzielle Verarbeiten schmerzhafter traumatischer Erfahrungen zu einer verbesserten Affekt Regulierung, zur Fähigkeit, sich selbst zu trösten und zu Selbstakzeptanz führen kann. Auf einer zwischenmenschlichen und existenziellen Ebene machte dem Klienten seine wachsende Fähigkeit, auf seine unerfüllten existenziellen Bedürfnisse zu hören, bewusst, dass er sich nach menschlicher Verbindung sehnt. Es entstand dadurch auch eine Offenheit dafür, nach dem Sinn des Lebens zu suchen und sich mit anderen auf eine tiefere und bedeutsamere Art zu verbinden.

Le modèle destructeur: une théorie expérientielle et existentielle élaborée par une étude de cas

Les ténèbres et la destruction font partie de la vie humaine tout autant que la dépression, l’anxiété et la joie. Les thérapies humanistes – et particulièrement l’Approche centrée sur la personne – n’ont toutefois pas été très explicites quant à la manière d’aborder les clients qui laissent derrière eux des traces de violence physique et sexuelle. La théorie construite par l’étude de cas de Bruno ne nous aide pas seulement à élargir notre compréhension théorique des schémas de fonctionnement destructeurs. Elle fait également ressortir comment un effort soutenu dans l’accueil de la relation thérapeutique et du processus expérientiel des expériences traumatiques douloureuses peut conduire à accroître la régulation des affects, l’auto-apaisement et l’acceptation de soi. Sur un plan interpersonnel et existentiel, la capacité grandissante du client à écouter ses besoins existentiels restés sans réponse le rendent plus conscient de son désir de relation humaine. Elle crée également une ouverture à chercher le sens de la vie et à entrer en contact avec les autres d’une manière plus profonde et porteuse de sens.

El patrón destructivo: Un caso experiencial y existencial de estudio y construcción de teoría

La oscuridad y destrucción son parte de la vida humana como los son la depresión, la ansiedad y la alegría. Sin embargo, las terapias humanistas y especialmente el enfoque centrado en la persona, no han sido muy explícitas sobre cómo tratar con clientes que dejan un rastro de violencia sexual y física detrás de ellos. El estudio del caso de Bruno que construye teoría no sólo nos ayuda a ampliar nuestro conocimiento teórico acerca de los patrones de funcionamiento destructivo. También muestra cómo un esfuerzo sostenido en el fomento de la relación terapéutica y el proceso experiencial de las dolorosas experiencias traumáticas puede conducir a un efecto mejorado de regulación del afecto para calmarse y aceptarse a uno mismo. A nivel interpersonal y existencial, el cliente tiene cada vez más capacidad para escuchar sus necesidades existenciales hace que sea consciente de su anhelo de conexión humana. Creó también una apertura para buscar significado en la vida y conectarse con otros una forma mas profunda y significativa.

O Padrão Destrutivo:Um estudo de caso estruturante para a construção de uma teoria experiencial e existencial

A escuridão e a destruição fazem parte da vida humana, tanto quanto a ansiedade e a alegria. Contudo, as teorias humanistas – e a abordagem centrada na pessoa em particular – não têm sido muito explícitas em relação a como deve lidar-se com clientes com um rasto de violência física e sexual no seu passado. O estudo de caso de Bruno, estruturante para construção de uma teoria desta natureza, ajuda-nos não só a expandir o nosso entendimento teórico dos padrões de funcionamento destrutivo, como também nos demonstra de que forma um esforço sustentado no sentido do estabelecimento de uma relação terapêutica e o processamento experiencial de experiências traumáticas dolorosas podem conduzir a uma melhoria na regulação dos afetos, ao autoconsolo e à autoaceitação. Do ponto de vista interpessoal e existencial, a capacidade crescente do cliente para atentar às suas necessidades existenciais não preenchidas tornou-o mais consciente da sua ânsia por uma ligação humana. Da mesma maneira, criou uma abertura para buscar um significado para a vida e para se ligar aos outros de modo mais profundo e significativo

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Frans Depestele, Tine Swyngedouw, Chris Van de Veire, and Joke Van Hoeck (members of the Flemish study group Focusing in Therapy) for their theoretical consideration, therapeutic suggestions, and mental support during this therapy process.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ellen Gunst

Ellen Gunst is a psychologist, and a person-centered experiential therapist, who works at the forensic unit FIDES for mid-security offenders in PC St. Amandus, a psychiatric hospital in Beernem, Belgium. As a doctoral student at UGent (University of Ghent, Belgium), she investigates emotional change in sex offenders during treatment.

Siebrecht Vanhooren (PhD) is an associate professor at KU Leuven (University of Leuven, Belgium) where he teaches person-centered, focusing-oriented, and existential therapy to graduate and postgraduate students. He also works as psychologist and therapist at PraxisP (KU Leuven) and at the forensic psychotherapy unit of CGG Prisma (Belgium).

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