Europe between Islam and the United States

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Notes

1 Europa's fable was conveyed by the fifth-century Greek-Egyptian poet Nonnus (Dionysiaca 1.130).

2 It appears that Herodotus considered such division capricious that did not reconcile with the oneness of the earth. James Talboys Wheeler, The Geography of Herodotus (London: Longman, 1854), 16–18.

3 See Fred Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996). Also see Fred Halliday, ‘“Islamophobia” Reconsidered’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (1999): 892–90.

4 William Wallace, ‘Europe after the Cold War: Interstate Order or Post-sovereign Regional System?’, Review of International Studies 25, no. 5 (1999): 216.

5 On discussion of Europe as an Enlightenment/secularist project or a Christian/cultural project see for example Luis Dupre, ‘Does Christianity Have a Role to Play? The Idea of Europe’, <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-116411060.html> (accessed 1 October 2007).

6 For the broader analysis of the sociological concept ‘borderlands’ see for example G. Babinski, J. Mucha and A. Sadowski, eds, Pogranicze, Studia Spoleczne 4, special issue (1997).

7 France can be envisaged as part of Europe of the borderlands and/or as sharing the tradition of the colonial empires. France's colonies in Muslim lands were only separated from its traditional heartlands by the Mediterranean, and the loss of Algeria roughly corresponded to (and was in part a catalyst for) the arrival of substantial numbers of Muslim settlers in France. Hence, in the case of France there is substantial continuity of shared intimate history among French Muslims and non-Muslims.

8 See Lord Kinross, Ottoman Centuries (New York: Morrow Quill, 1977); Norman Davis, Europe: A History (New York: HarperCollins, 1998); and Pawel Borkowski, Partnerstwo Eurosrodziemnomorskie (Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2005).

9 It should be noted that given Spain's continued sovereignty over territories in North Africa one could conceive of Spain as part of Europe of the borderlands.

10 The editors wish to express their gratitude to Yildiz and Mete Samci for their assistance in editing this article.

11 There are few texts where this optimism is more apparent than Mark Leonard's interesting study Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century (London: Fourth Estate, 2005).