Alkaloid extracts of Ficus species and palm oil-derived tocotrienols synergistically inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells

Abstract

Tocotrienols have been reported to possess anticancer effects other than anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study explored the potential synergism of antiproliferative effects induced by individual alkaloid extracts of Ficus fistulosa, Ficus hispida and Ficus schwarzii combined with δ- and γ-tocotrienols against human brain glioblastoma (U87MG), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. Cell viability and morphological results demonstrated that extracts containing a mixture of alkaloids from the leaves and bark of F. schwarzii inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells, whereas the alkaloid extracts of F. fistulosa inhibited the proliferation of both U87MG and HT-29 cells and showed synergism in combined treatments with either δ- or γ-tocotrienol resulting in 2.2–34.7 fold of reduction in IC₅₀ values of tocotrienols. The observed apoptotic cell characteristics in conjunction with the synergistic antiproliferative effects of Ficus species-derived alkaloids and tocotrienols assuredly warrant future investigations towards the development of a value-added chemotherapeutic regimen against cancers.

Keywords::

• Ficus fistulosa
• Ficus hispida
• Ficus schwarzii
• tocotrienols
• antiproliferative
• synergism
• cancer cells

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr Kien-Thai Yong (Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya) for identifying the plants and Dr Chee-Wai Fong (Davos Life Science Pte Ltd, Singapore) for providing the δ- and γ-tocotrienols.

Notes

^1. Email: [email protected]

^2. Email: [email protected]