Solute-diffusion-controlled dislocation creep in pure aluminium containing 0.026 at.% Fe

Abstract

Pure aluminium containing about 200 at.ppm Fe in solution is shown to creep about 10⁶ times slower at 200°C than the same aluminium containing a negligible amount of iron in solution. The high creep resistance of the Al–200 at.ppm Fe alloy is attributed to the presence of subgrain boundaries containing iron solute atoms. It is proposed that the opposing stress fields from subgrain boundaries and from the piled-up dislocations during creep are cyclically relaxed, by iron solute diffusion, to allow climb of the lead dislocation in the pile-up. The mechanism is a form of mechanical ratcheting. The model is applied to Al–Fe alloys and correctly predicts that the creep rate is controlled by the rate of iron solute diffusion and by a temperature dependence equal to the activation energy for iron diffusion, namely Q _c = 221 kJ mol⁻¹. Basic creep studies on solid-solution alloying with solute atoms that diffuse slowly in the lattice of aluminium (e.g. manganese, chromium, titanium and vanadium) appear worthy of study as a way of enhancing creep strength and of understanding creep mechanisms involving solute-atom-containing subgrain boundaries.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr Herbert J. Busboom for his extensive contributions to the initial creep-testing programme of the high-purity Al–Fe alloy. Professor Howard Jones, University of Sheffield, UK, provided valuable information on the diffusion studies of various solutes in aluminium that was indispensable for interpreting the creep results. The authors acknowledge useful discussions with Professor W. D. Nix, Stanford University, and Dr G. Gonzalez-Doncel, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas. The initial work was sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research at Stanford University and completed at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, Madrid. One of the authors (O. D. S.) is grateful for a sabbatical grant from Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain.